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High Suicide Rates And Its Effects On The Youth - 3323 Words

Introduction This paper will survey the reasons for the unusually high suicide rates found specifically in South Korea. There are many different factors that contribute to suicide such as depression, certain cultural values, the educational system and more. It will begin with the rates of suicide found in the country versus the average suicide rate in other countries. We will further go in depth to discover how various reasons for depression and cultural values have impacted the youth. It will also describe the rigor and intensity of the educational system in present day Korea and its effects on the youth. It will also continue onto exploring the culture and how that correlates back to the high suicide rates by exploring further into the†¦show more content†¦The importance of success which relates back to Korea’s culture, as well as how this immense pressure can lead to depression and further lead to thoughts of suicide. The methodology of this research will employ a review of primary as wells as secondary sources about the culture of Korea, depression, family relations as well as the educational system alongside the presentation of presently rising suicide rates. There will also be interviews conducted from students currently studying in South Korea and their opinions in regard to the culture that they are enveloped in. Causes and Contributing Factors to Suicide Adolescence is a crucial developmental period for the younger generation. It is a delicate time frame characterized as a season permeated with intense mood swings; focus on self, and a time of increased stress. This characterization and generalized image has led to the ignorance of the severity of the matter. There are two conclusions as a result from this. The first being that the hardships faced during the period of adolescence is not held in importance and secondly, the problems faced are not properly

Obesity in China Free Essays

string(102) " work towards promoting healthy diets and lifestyles while also providing incentives to food growers\." Obesity in China? From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search A McDonald’s Chinese New Year meal. American fast-food outlets have been blamed for the increase in obesity in China. [1] Obesity in China is a major health concern according to the WHO, with overall rates of obesity below 5% in the country, but greater than 20% in some cities. We will write a custom essay sample on Obesity in China or any similar topic only for you Order Now [2] This is a dramatic change from times when China experienced famine as a result from ineffective agriculturalization plans such as the Great Leap Forward. 3] Currently, obesity in China is mostly confined to the cities where fast food culture and globalization have taken over, in comparison to poorer rural areas. Despite this concentration of obesity, the sheer size of China’s population means that over one fifth of all one billion obese people in the world come from China. [4] Contents   [hide]   * 1 Issues * 2 Response and prospects * 3 Action and Policy * 4 See also * 5 References * 6 Further reading * 7 External links| [edit] Issues Statistics from the Chinese Health Ministry have revealed that urban Chinese boys age 6 are 2. 5  inches taller and 6. 6 pounds heavier on average than Chinese city boys 30 years ago. A leading child-health researcher, Ji Chengye, has stated that, â€Å"China has entered the era of obesity. The speed of growth is shocking. â€Å"[1] Economic expansion and the increase in living standards as a result has seen food intake increase on average in the cities and the growth of automation and transport has seen less physical labor. Rapid motorization has drastically reduced levels of cycling and walking in China. A 2002 report has revealed a direct correspondence between ownership of motorized transport by households in China and increasing obesity related problems in children and adults. [5] The introduction of processed foods through globalisation in China and the problem of obesity is a recent phenomenon, as only 45 years ago the country faced starvation during the leadership of Mao Zedong. [1] However while malnutrition has been mostly ended in cities today, millions of rural poor, especially in rural estern China are still a far cry from the problem facing the cities. [1] The problem is affecting the young generations although some sources indicate the problem is worse with those between 35 and 59 where more than half are now overweight in cities, a figure similar to that in industrialised countries. [6] However, they state that the younger generations are increasingly at risk. Today, 8% of 10- to 12-year- olds in China’s cities are considered obese and an additional 15% are overweight, according to Chinese Ministry of Education. 1] Similarly, A 2006 study conducted by University of Southern California found that the average body fat of Hong Kong Children was 21 percent, an alarmingly high number. [7] [edit] Response and prospects A KFC outlet in Hohhot, China According to Wang Longde, the Chinese vice health minister, the problem is that the population does not have enough awareness and lacks knowledge of nutrition and what constitutes a reasonable diet. [8] The government is attempting to reduce the problem with building more playgrounds and passing a law with requires students to exercise or play sports for an hour a day at school. 1] Chen Chunming, an expert at the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention has warned against the rapid growth of American fast-food outlets in China saying, â€Å"Don’t take children to eat fast food like McDonald’s and K FC. â€Å"[1] De-emphasis on sports also plays an important part in the rise of obesity in China. Many Chinese people look at the way they advance in life is getting a better education so they can get a better job. The heavy emphasis on schoolwork and the pressure to do so much into that direction keeps children away from play and from physical activity. 7] Fat farms, where children try to sweat off their excess weight have grown since the 1990s. In 2000, 100 million people were reported to suffer from high blood pressure and 26 million with diabetes. These figures were expected to double within a decade, with doctors warning that obesity could become China’s biggest health threat for future generations. [6][9] [edit] Action and Policy Due to the current cultural views on obesity there is a significant need for anti-obesity education. Obesity is often associated with prosperity, thus there is a need for a widespread attitude shift to decrease the current rising rates. Perhaps resulting from the famines of generations past, food, specifically high-fat foods, are now seen as a luxurious item. With growing incomes in Chinese society, families are not able to afford these unhealthy but highly desired foods resulting in increasing rates of consumption of high-fat diets. [10] As a major contributor to the spread of obesity, these high-fat diets are creating a major public health problem across the country. There are currently a few initiatives in place that could help combat this problem, but because of its magnitude, it is likely that more improvements are needed. The Chinese Nutrition Society[1] is providing nutrition education by creating dietary guidelines to help consumers make more healthy lifestyle choices. These guidelines become useful in assisting the population in adopting healthy eating habits which can be an important preventative measure against obesity. Additionally, the Chinese government is currently mandating programs in schools to deal with the growing problem of obesity in the younger generations. Eat Smart at School† is a campaign that was launched during the 2006-2007 school year, which aims to cultivate healthy eating practices to promote lifestyle changes in the educational setting. This program is also an important key in teaching healthy lifestyle strategies that can promote long-term changes in these children’s lives. [2] Localizing community bas ed interventions could help address the large, diverse population in China. China is currently trying to utilize community based interventions through The National Plan of Action for Nutrition in China[3]. This demonstrates an extensive framework organizing food-based policies relating to the country’s nutrition and health issues. Some of the policies work towards promoting healthy diets and lifestyles while also providing incentives to food growers. You read "Obesity in China" in category "Essay examples" Implementing nationwide social programs on public nutrition through mass media, public campaigns and community based promotions are potentially effective mediums towards combating obesity in China. China’s centralized government has a unique ability to make rapid policy changes where they can enforce public nutrition policy and regulate food supply. The rapid growing market of fast food chains is a huge contributor to the increase in obesity rates in China. Potentially, a price policy could be a strategic model for raising the price on â€Å"unhealthy† foods in an attempt to shift food consumption patterns to accomplish health objectives and reduce the consumption of high fat foods. Through price policy, China can focus on controlling the external influence of international products on traditional Chinese dietary patterns and help manage the obesity trends and patterns due to the increase of Westernized foods and fast food chains Obesity in China: Waistlines are Expanding Twice as Fast as GDP : China is experiencing a record high obesity rate, which means millions are becoming obese each year. , â€Å" † by Sky Patterson Date Published: 04/08/2011 Photo by ernop. Used under Creative Commons. In the U. S, we’re used to hearing about our massive weight crisis – with more than 74 percent of adults age 15 and older classified as overweight, the American culture and media landscape have become fixated on finding new diets, procedures, and lifestyle changes to address the dilemma. But what is rapidly becoming apparent is that we are not the only country coping with our expanding waistlines. In China, the prevalence of being overweight is actually dramatically outpacing the growth of its GDP. According to the World Bank, China’s US $4. 99 trillion GDP in 2009 was a remarkable 181 percent increase from its 2005 GDP (US $2. 75 trillion). The number of obese people in China is growing even faster. There are nearly 100 million obese people in China today, more than five times the number in 2005, when 18 million were obese. The definition of being overweight is having a body mass index of 25 or greater. According to the World Health Organization’s Global Info Database, for those ages 15 and older, 45 percent of males in China and 32 percent of females were overweight, or an average of 38. 5 percent of the 2010 population. This is a sharp increase from the 2002 statistic of 25 percent. With an overweight percentage of 38 percent and rising, mainland China is home to a staggering 380 million-plus people with weight problems. And studies show that the problem is becoming increasingly prevalent among youth, and may largely define urban China’s near-term future. Robert Girandola, a professor of kinesiology at the University of Southern California, conducted a 2006 study, titled â€Å"Prevalence of Obesity and Body Composition in Hong Kong Children,† researching the body fat percentage of 3,000 nine-year-olds. He found that the average body fat of these children was 21 percent, an alarmingly high number. â€Å"These are pre-pubertal [children], and pre-pubertal you should not see numbers like that,† says Girandola. He also added that the problem will only grow worse as these children start to develop symptoms of the chronic diseases associated with obesity, including diabetes and high blood pressure. In addition to diabetes and high blood pressure, other serious health implications related to obesity include a higher risk of cancer, heart disease and diabetes. The latter disease is rapidly becoming more prominent in China. A March 2010 New England Journal of Medicine study estimated that 9. 7 percent of the country’s population has diabetes, a figure that is close to that of the U. S. at 11 percent; another American Diabetes Association study found similar rates in both countries. Also notable is that of these diabetes cases in China, 60. 7 percent went undiagnosed. The majority of these cases are Type II late onset diabetes, which is directly correlated with being overweight; obesity has been found to contribute to approximately 55 percent of Type II diabetes cases. Source: American Diabetes Association, The Associated Press Paul French, co-author of the recent book Fat China, which chronicles the growing problem of obesity in China, claims that the actual diabetes rate may be as high as 16 percent, with 150 million additional people categorized as pre-diabetic, putting them at a high risk for developing Type II diabetes. There are people in China who say with acupuncture and traditional medicine you can cure diabetes, but there is no proof of that either,† says French. â€Å"Diabetes is something that once you’ve got it, you’ve got it and you have to manage it the rest of your life. † According to a 1992 China National Nutrition Survey, the percentage of men and women classified as overweight, or with a BMI greater t han 24, was 17. 4 percent. The government agenda at that time was to gauge the prevalence of underweight individuals, but what they found at the other end of the spectrum ended up being a surprising trend that has continued ever since. The same survey conducted 10 years later in 2002 showed that 29 percent of individuals were overweight, a 66. 7 percent increase. | | What is causing the Chinese population to grow overweight at such an alarming rate? Contrary to the U. S. where obesity is concentrated more heavily among poorer people, China’s obesity problem is largely defined by what French terms a â€Å"wealth-deficit† problem. Specifically, the richer you get, the fatter you are. In rural China, the prevalence of being overweight and having diabetes is naturally lower. However, in the cities, a larger number of people own cars and televisions. Not only are these luxuries symbols of wealth, but they also greatly decrease physical activity, resulting in higher rates of obesity and diabetes in urban areas. Athena Foong, an epidemiology researcher at the University of Southern California’s Institute for Global Health explains, â€Å"It’s a very communal thing in Asia, if you see someone having that, you want to have that too; so if they’re telling you that, we just enjoyed a super duper meal at McDonald’s and that becomes a fanciful thing to do, you want to do it too. † But what about physical activity and sports in China? Peaking during the 2008 Beijing Olympics, China has been making large strides on the international sports front. However, among the general population, this is not necessarily the case. As French says, â€Å"With the Olympics in China, rather than encouraging more people to take part in sport, it basically sent out the message that sport was an elite activity, and if you play sports, you better win gold medals; the idea of just a bunch of kids running around playing games was considered a waste of time. † Foong also adds that this de-emphasis on sports and physical activity starts from childhood, and carries on to later life. The only way people look at the way you advance in life is getting a better education so you can get a better job, and sports is not considered a job. † Parents may dote on their only children, but they also hold them to high academic standards in order to achieve a better life. â€Å"It’s not that they want to force their kids into going to school, and then doing these extra school classes, and on the weekends having a tutor,† explains Foong. â€Å"It’s just the pressure to do so much into that direction and away from play, from physical activity, from all that. This emphasis on schoolwork at the expense of play and organized sports parallels the rise in obesity in China. Foong adds that it is not merely as simple as telling parents, â€Å"You guys can just stop worrying too much about getting good grades because that’s the path that everyone’s already on; that train has already left the station. † Two or three generations ago, China suffered a nutrition challenge. Many people suffered malnutrition, went hungry and were underweight. Fast-forward to the present and conditions are swiftly becoming the opposite. In China’s larger cities, where roads were once exclusively filled with bikes, cars pack the streets 24 hours a day. And in addition to having more cars, city streets are also now lined with fast food restaurants, the ubiquity of which is one cause of obesity in China. It is easy to find a local McDonald’s, Pizza Hut or Starbucks ready to serve up fast food to the masses. In fact, Yum Brands, the parent company of fast food leaders such as McDonald’s, Pizza Hut and KFC, opened more than 500 restaurants in China in 2009, and expects to one day have more than 20,000 restaurants there. Source: National statistical offices, Euromonitor International Alongside China’s meteoric economic rise and fast food market growth in the last two decades, the lifestyle of the Chinese people has changed dramatically. For example, aside from a greater array of food options, the Chinese are indulging their children because state policy has shrunk family sizes while economic progress has given urban families higher disposable incomes. Families and their children have become less active. These various changes have led to an equally fast climb in modern health problems. Obesity is a plague facing the developed world that leads to other complications such as diabetes and hypertension, which place an enormous pressure on the healthcare system. And in China, much like the rest of the world, the problem is only growing. What are ordinary Chinese doing to solve the problem of growing waistlines? Put simply, not much. Or at least not much that seems to be working. Says French, â€Å"The three things that people are doing at the moment, none of these things are particularly sensible. Those three main things are unreasonable fat camps, which provide limited results for children using contrived and sometimes dangerous methods, unregulated and ineffective slimming pills that eliminate mainly body water, and cosmetic surgery – which treats the symptoms but not the problem. Solving the problem is not merely a matter of execution and practicality, but also a cultural and social one as well. One change that must take place is that people need to find ways to eat more healthily, especially since it is difficult to exercise enough to work off certain foods. However, this is a lot easier said than done when the Chinese affinity for Western fast food brands is increasing, and on the flip side, Western companies are increasingly eager to tap into the Chinese market. Taking on a more active lifestyle is another important measure to help mitigate the problem. â€Å"The solution is very simple,† says Girandola. â€Å"People have to be more active. Is that going to happen? I doubt it. People are not going to go back to bicycles again, not when they basically have a car. † So what can one expect from China in the near future? There are many possible solutions, but when the public cares more about eating tasty and convenient food, climbing the socioeconomic ladder and relishing newfound wealth, nothing will come easily. Fast food is also not going to disappear. One example of this is a new trend that has emerged in Hong Kong, dubbed â€Å"McWeddings,† wherein local McDonald’s restaurants provide wedding reception services to young couples. Over the long term, in is also necessary to make school curriculum changes in schools to promote healthy habits. The key largely lies in children, who may be more able to pick up and maintain healthy habits than adults. Once you get overweight, it’s very hard to suddenly turn it around,† explains Girandola. â€Å"That’s why you got to solve it beforehand; people have to be proactive rather than reactive. †Ã‚   As China rapidly modernizes, it will inevitably encounter the problems that first-world countries face. Unfortunately, the arduous path to relieving China’s overweight problem and ensuing health issues will not be nearly as smooth as the road that got it there. Sky Patterson is a senior at the University of Southern California majoring in East Asian Languages and C How to cite Obesity in China, Essay examples

Police Discretion free essay sample

Police discretion is a very important approach in matters concerning criminal justice. There has been a consistent problem between enforcing the law and the spirit of the law. Discretion in the broader sense can be defined as the individual’s ability to make a decision basing on the principle of courses of the action. During training, police officers are given different possible scenarios that they may experience while on duty. However, the situations presented are not exact and the police come face to face with more riveting situations that demand their personal choices. The laws don’t cover all perspectives and there are always new laws being put in place allowing for the police officers to use discretion in the mean time. There are also situations in which the law is unclear and the police officer will disregard the different interpretations of the law and utilize his or her discretion in arriving at a decision (Rivera, 2006). We will write a custom essay sample on Police Discretion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Police discretion is usually put to use when the officers are presented with many options to come up with one choice they think are necessary depending on the situation at hand. Discretion is the void in the middle of a ring consisting of policies and procedures. However, police are not always supposed to utilize discretion. In some occasions, the law and departmental policies do limit or eliminate the discretion altogether. Discretion is usually constrained by certain norms including professional, legal, social, and moral norms (Scott, 2009). The police discretion considers many factors which can be compiled into three broad categories. These are the offenders’ variables which include those aspects that are directly connected to the offender including age, race, economic status, gender, and health. Golphin 3 The police will empathize and offer pep talk to some law breakers depending on these variables. The situation variables also come into play when the police utilize discretion. These variables include the seriousness of the crime, the type of property involved in the crime, who initiated the investigations, and many others. The police also become more governmental in the presence of the witnesses, an audience, or the media. Lastly, the systems variables include aspects in the society’s systems that come into play when the police utilize discretion. Police will depict leniency when the courts and the correctional facilities become congested, and they will be tough when the city requires revenue. Communities with suitable social service resources will allow the police to use more of non-arrest options compared to those without such resources. Again, the manner in which the police perceive the distress call will determine how they will respond on arrival at the scene (l1ndsaystarr, 2006). One of the advantages of police discretion is the fact that it allows the officer to humanely treat people, giving them a second chance, and improving on the community’s perception of the police. If the police were to follow the laws strictly by the book, they will be perceived to be unfair by the society and possibly rejected (Rivera, 2006). The other benefit of police discretion is that it promotes realistic goals. In this aspect, discretion takes into consideration the fact that the police are presented with unique situations on the ground that requires personal decisions depending on the situation. Discretion is also necessary for productivity in the criminal justice system. If the police were to follow the law to the T, then the criminal justice system would be exhausted with the number of cases presented to them. In addition, discretion can also promote autonomy in the sense that the police and the community as Golphin 4 a whole are not enslaved by the written regulations. They are under particular circumstances allowed to route the way for the law. Lastly, the discretion promotes job satisfaction for the police in that they are allowed to utilize some powers which are provided for within the law. The disadvantages of police discretion mostly lie in the abuse of the  privileges they have in regard to exercising the discretion power. Discretion has been seen as inviting partiality in dealing with the citizens as well as creating an opportunity for corruption. Others have debated that during discretion, the police don’t have the slightest idea about what could be the consequences of their actions (Peak, 2009). Police discretion is a potential tool for abuse that could possibly result into potential needless death and/or injury. A police officers choice may be influenced by personal factors that may determine an irrational decision. For example; In the 2005 shooting, that occurred on 126th Street between Fifth and Lenox Avenues, the suspect, Richard Gooding, ignored officers’ orders to drop his gun and began shooting. Five officers returned fire, fatally injuring Mr. Gooding and wounding Ms. Johnson in the right elbow. Garnold M. King was shot in the lower back; he has settled his lawsuit with the city. Two officers said they did not look to see if there were bystanders on the street while they were shooting; one of those officers said he did not look to see if there were bystanders until after the shooting was over, Ms.Johnson’s lawyer, Barry A. Gutterman, told the judges — echoing those officers’ pretrial depositions. At one point in the hearing, Chief Judge Jonathan Lippman questioned Susan Paulson, a senior counsel in the city’s Law Department’s appeals division. Golphin 5 â€Å"How do you know that they’re exercising their discretion correctly if they don’t look and have any idea that there are innocent bystanders? † Judge Lippman asked. He added: â€Å"They didn’t look; that’s what’s troubling me. How do we know they exercised the discretion appropriately without sorting out some of these facts? † (nytimes. com). There are possible variations in how the cops might think of a given crime. An officer’s personal attributes and cultural background may influence how they view certain crimes. Racist officers might abuse the discretion aspect and make arrests on the basis of ethnic background. The location of the crime also contributes to the police decision with crimes committed in what has been classified as hot spots likely to result in arrests. Arrests are most likely to happen in a more urban society or a racially mixed society since there is a high chance of crime based on the racial, economic differences, and social disorder (Petheram, 2009). The police officers do use their personal judgments in discretion and as we have seen, personal judgments can be affected by many contributing factors including mental health and educational level. With the police having the ability to momentarily decide on the future of an individual, there is need to test and approve their intellect. The police have a high level of authority and therefore require skills to enhance and justify their authority. The qualifications to become a police officer have been changing over the years even though they vary depending on the district and type of government. It has been established that there are changes in the amount of force and discretion used by officers depending on their levels of education. A police officer is required to make speedy and ethical decisions and with low level of education, this could be a problem

Sprite free essay sample

: # 8220 ; Image Is Everything? Essay, Research Paper # 8220 ; Image is Everything # 8221 ; # 8220 ; Thirst is Everything, Image is Nothing # 8221 ; we have all seen this motto slapped on to every one of Sprite # 8217 ; s merchandises for last twosome of months. But what does it intend? Does it intend that person at a Pepsi convention should order a Sprite, a Coke merchandise, merely cause they like the gustatory sensation? Of class non, do if they did they would acquire kicked out at the really least. Advertisers use this kind of motto to catch your attending, and so they have you right where they want. In the most recent Sprite commercials that characteristic Grant Hill of the Detroit Pistons, they show us that the ground why we would hold a Sprite is merely for the gustatory sensation of it. But if this was all they are seeking to acquire across to us wouldn # 8217 ; t it be cheaper and wiser to utilize a 6 dollar per hr child instead than a cat that won # 8217 ; t measure pes in a topographic point for less that a 100 expansive. We will write a custom essay sample on Sprite or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Why would they do a commercial that contradicts itself? The ground an advertizement would belie itself like this is for one ground merely, to seek and gull our wants and desires into going our demands. Our demands are merely something that is a necessity for us to last, such as nutrient and H2O. We all know we couldn # 8217 ; t travel long without these simple yet indispensable things. While our wants and desires for things such as five star eating houses and luxury autos. Which by no agencies are needed to last, but merely do populating all the more merriment. Advertisers are Masterss on how to work our desires, and to do us believe that they are our demands. And it is by no agency is this easy or inexpensive for a commercial to be able to make. To be able to do us believe that our life would, in some manner, be better with this merchandise by our side. Sprite # 8217 ; s commercial that plays every clip you blindly surf the telecasting channels are all about image. The commercial that is shown the most, characteristics Grant Hill imbibing a Sprite. While they province in the back unit of ammunition and print on the screen, # 8220 ; Thirst Is Everything, Image Is Nothing # 8221 ; . When I foremost saw this I was believing, # 8220 ; cool a great drink that anyone can hold and non look out of topographic point # 8221 ; . But the more I thought about it and saw the commercial clip and clip once more a couple things stuck in my caput. First of all that merely two words are emphasized, and are in all caps on the commercial. Know which 1s? Yeah you got it THIRST and IMAGE, for the ground that these are the two that they want you to retrieve. Thirst so that when you # 8217 ; re thirsty you # 8217 ; ll believe of Sprite as the lone 1 that can acquire the occupation done. Again traveling back to your demands , and doing you believe that Sprite is a necessity for your endurance. And Image so you know you’ll look good while you’re imbibing it, but isn’t this traveling against the â€Å"Image is nothing† ? I thought it was, so I watched it once more, and I noticed something else, when they say those two words on telecasting they increase in the volume, to stress them once more more than all the others. But it doesn’t terminal here they still have Hill in the commercial toss offing a 20 oz. after what we believe to be the hardest game of his life. Why you ask, because he is spose to be the mean hoops participant, on any given twenty-four hours. But if this were true, and he was an mean participant, so we would wholly be on a pro squad doing more money than we can number. But this isn’t true so we merely imbibe it with the hopes that if it helped Hill it can assist us excessively. The commercial attempts to play towards our maleness, harmonizing to the definition supplied by Diane Barthel. She says that advertizers use # 8220 ; power/ precision/ performance/ tallies as a subject throughout advertisement to work forces # 8221 ; ( p.123 ) . Now who could deny that Grant Hill is a show of this, full if non the perfect illustrations. But why would Sprite usage this catchy phrase if what they wanted to state what about the exact antonym. That image is everything ; good the lone ground I came up with was that they wanted to play to one of your necessities. You have to imbibe to last, if non we all know what happens, we would shrivel up and decease. But if they can do us believe, if merely for a 2nd, that we can fulfill that demand better over any other drink with Sprite, and that in kernel we have to hold some in order to last. Then advertizers have earned their money, because so I can # 8217 ; t possible think of a ground non to travel out and purchase some. Sprite has been around for many old ages and will go on to be merely by coming up with these tricky and clever commercials to sell their merchandise. Coming up with different ways to play to our demand to be excepted in a higher group, to last or our desire to experience dominance above others. But if the lone manner they have to travel about this is to pass 1000000s in fancy commercial to state us things that we don # 8217 ; t even recognize at first. Then we should be seeing a clump more of flashy and artless ways to do us desire things being shown between our favourite shows. All of them are demoing us a better life with a # 8220 ; sprite # 8221 ; or any other merchandise they might be selling. And even if this lone gets through to a fraction of the people, their occupation is done. Because that fraction is still 100s of 1000s of people purchasing their merchandise.

Free sample - Bundys Personality Disorder. translation missing

Bundys Personality Disorder. Bundy's Personality DisorderMurder is regarded as one of the most vindictive crimes that can be committed by society. There is one mistaken belief that murderers can be inborn, but this is a very false statement. No one is born a killer; it is our society who gives birth to a numerous murderers and criminals. Unfortunately, we are living in a very cruel world that provokes the increased number of crimes and miscellaneous. History witnessed many murderers. Ted Bendy is one of the most famous and cruel criminals in the history of America and, probably, the whole world. In the case with Bundy, the lack of parental supervision and steady refusal of women contributed to him making normal man cruel serial murderer. Bundy belonged to a kind of man who let the dreams and fantasies control and guide his life; he supposed that life was an amusement and game. Everything in his life and all his surroundings contributed to making Bundy unforgiving, bitter, and mentally unstable person. During the period of 1970’s numerous females became the victims of Bundy (Sullivan, 2009). This man had an extremely unhinged personality. He was suffering from constant nervous depressions.   Absence of fortune, family and normal relationships made this person a cruel murder. Such unstable and cruel behavior of Bundy is rooted from his childhood, as his mother constantly neglected him and this neglecting resulted to a nume rous psychological problems and complexes.   When Ted was four, his mother, Louise moved to Tahoma and there got married with Johnnie Bundy, Ted's stepfather. People who constantly neglected him surrounded Ted. It was the first impact that put the beginning of the negative formation of Ted’s personality. Being a young boy, Bundy was obsessed with women and obscure sexuality. This is a result of poor guidance of his parents, who did not give the boy the opportunity to talk about the things of sexual character. It was a great mistake, as only parents can help in formation of correct behavior of the child and forward his thoughts and feelings to right directions.  Ã‚   While interview Ted Bundy expressed feelings and said that parental participation and safety is very significant in a life of young child. He, personally, did not have such protection and involvement. Bundy was shy by the nature (Keppel, 2009). Being in the high school, he was constantly abused by his fellows and was subjected to disgrace very often. Although he was constantly abused and subjected to such kind of behavior, he was one of the best pupils and managed to have high-grade average during the period of education. According to words of the instructors, Bund was a rather pleasant and successful student. As we know, love is able to change the behavior of every person. Bundy was not an exception in this case. In the spring of 1967, Ted met Stephanie Brooks, the woman of his dreams. This relationship would alter his way of life forever. Stephanie was the first love of Bundy and he was obsessed with such feelings. Stephanie realized that Ted did not have a particular direction in his life, resulting in the uncertainty. Ted and Stephanie finally broke up. This break appeared to a turning point in his behavior and crucial point of his future life. Because of personal faults and unsuccessful relationships, Ted created a personality on his own. Such personality finally drove Ted Bundy to psychopathic behavior. Bundy was so filled up with anger and frustration that finally resulted to his biggest aggravation and mania, women. Unfortunately, history of criminals and killers know many more malicious murderers like Bundy. Society tried to make a lot of attempts to understand the reasons of such behavior and find out the ways of struggling with them and helping such people. Due to Bundy the society who was the first serial murderer, the society was allowed to travel deep in the killer’s mind and make such type of behavior the object of investigations. With the help of the investigations and examinations of such individuals modern science managed to get the necessary explanations. Numerous mental disorders comprises sturdy biological basis and very often inheritance plays a very important role in the abnormal behavior of the criminal. In order to understand this, it is necessary to know and find out whether other members of the family of the criminal have similar disorders. Ted’s grandfather was a cruel person. Probably, this is one of the most essential reasons and basis of Ted's behavior.   A personality disorder is considered the most essential reason of the career criminal. Individuals with the disorders of personality are very often involved in frequent crimes and episodes of disrupting or complicated behavior. Very often, such people are considered to be arrogant, dramatic, or even hateful. In accordance with the DSM IV Ted Bundy possessed the features of narcissistic and a sociopath. He is a sociopath. The full name of such disorder as sociopathy is antisocial personality disorder (APD).   Sociopathy can be sometimes interconnected with psychopathy, although professors do not always agree with this statement (Lyman, 2010). David Lykken, the professor of a psychology supposes that sociopathic individuals possess environmental root, but psychopaths are rooted in hereditary predisposition. The most remarkable feature of sociopathic type of behavior is that such persons can turn on the smile or use the advantage of different social situations to attract people from t heir surroundings into their own web. Ted Bundy, for example, would sometimes pretend a wound like putting the hand into a sling in order to evoke sympathy. All the above-mentioned facts and features prove Ted Bundy to be mentally ill person. However, his mental disorder is not inborn one, as they are the result of difficult life and conditions, as from the very childhood Ted was brought up in the atmosphere of neglecting and cruelty. It left the traces on the individuality of the boy and influenced his future way of life. Reference List Sulivan, K. (2009) The Bundy Murders: A Comprehensive History. Los Angeles: McFarland Keppel, R. (2009) The Riverman: Ted Bundy and I Hunt for the Green River Killer. Boston: Pocket Lyman, M.D (2010) Criminal Investigation: The Art and the Science (6th Edition) (MyCrimeKit Series). New York: Prentice hall

UK Climate Change Policy and Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

UK Climate Change Policy and Law - Essay Example Recent initiatives, however, have expressed particular interest in this rapidly emerging global issue. Aside from the United States and Canada, the United Kingdom has been continuously pushing efforts in making its effects known and be heard. Together with its various concerned agencies, the United Kingdom has been devising ways and means in providing research and development on climate change, as well as in implementing laws and policies that would alleviate, if not fully eradicate this global issue. At this point in time, the question now lies on whether these policies and laws would be effective enough in effecting change, not only in the United Kingdom, but as well as in the entire world. This paper is aimed at discussing the issue, as well as the policies and laws related to climate change. In the end, it is hoped that this essay would shed some light on some key issues on climate change, and as to how it would affect in the long run.

The Effectivity of Compressed Bandaging in Treating Venous Leg Ulcer Dissertation

The Effectivity of Compressed Bandaging in Treating Venous Leg Ulcer - Dissertation Example Factors that influence the compliance with the compression treatment Conclusion Referencess Abstract Venous ulcer is a common disease that affects about 1-2% of the general population during their lifetime. Treatment of this condition is long-lasting and time consuming and many factors are influencing the effectiveness and the healing rates of compression bandage. In this study we will critically analyze the effectiveness of compression bandage in the treatment of venous ulcers caused by venous insufficiency of the vein system of the lower leg. In order to do so we analyzed 4 studies that researches the different aspect of efficacy of compressive bandages. We analyzed the efficacy of different types of compressive bandages. We also analized the efficacy of compressive bandage compared to surgery and we found that compressive bandages are as effective as surgery in the treatment of venous ulcers on the lower extremities. At the end we also analyzed the factors that affect the compliance of the patients to the therapy and factors that influence the correct application of compression bandages by the medical professionals. We can conclude that compression bandages are the most effective treatment of venous ulcers and the efficacy as effective as any other new method of treatment. Additional research is needed in order to assure the usage of the a ppropriate type of compression systems by the medical professionals. ... Overall prevalence of venous ulcers in the morbidity of the human population is estimated around 0.18% but it is found that 1-2 % of the population suffers from chronic venous leg ulcers (Graham et all 2003). Treatment of vein ulcers is long lasting and costly and the disease is prone to remissions and exacerbations. It is estimated that approximately 1% of the total health budget in European western countries is spend in treatment and care of patients with this condition. In United States the estimated costs for the treatment and care of about 6 million patients with venous leg ulcers is estimated on 2.5 billion dollars a year (Nelzen 2000) (Phillips et al. 1994). Venous ulcers are the most important cause of chronic wounds representing 70 to 90 percents of all chronic wounds which significantly influence the quality of life of the affected patients over prolonged periods of time. There are many theories about the etiology of this disease but the exact etiology is still not well und erstood. Veins in the calf are constituted of two different and interconnected systems - deep and superficial vein system which are divided between themselves by the muscle fascia in the calf. Veins that constitute the deep system eventually form the popliteal and femoral vein, are located beneath the muscle fascia and are responsible for collecting the blood from the deeper tissues and muscles of the calf. In this system within the muscles there are located veins with larger volume (sinuses), without valves that act as reservoirs of blood when the calf muscles are at rest. This system of deep veins can collect up to 150 ml of blood in normal individual, but they can storage much more if there are malformations in this system. The

Lies my teacher told me- James Loewen Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lies my teacher told me- James Loewen - Essay Example He says, â€Å"Some books go way beyond omitting the actor and leaving out the act itself† (Loewen 25). This paper shall seek to explain the key reasons as to why Loewen think that history textbooks used in the high school curriculum are giving students a raw deal. It will also examine the reasons as to why students seem to dislike history classes. Loewen asserts that much of American history isolates children of color in the manner they ignore that those who contributed greatly to the American history were not whites. He goes further to assert that the nature of history textbooks used in American high schools give insufficient information to students. This in turn affects the academic progress of students who join college to pursue History courses (J. W. Loewen). This is because most of the history classes in college are taken up fixing the information that the students acquired in the high school history lessons. He uses his book to analyze the textbook creation and adoption process, as well as explain causes that makes textbooks to turn out to be bad and of low quality. According to Loewen, history is a collection of stories and should not be boring. However, textbook companies have tendencies of leaving out information that reflect badly on the national character. He also connects the boring nature of history to the fact that â€Å"history textbooks do not use the present to illuminate the past† (Loewen). In this regard, students have difficulties comprehending the relevance and significance of history to their daily lives. Loewen also reveals that students dislike history since the subject is viewed as a morality play; thus, touchy areas in the society are not discussed or taught. He says, â€Å"There are three taboos in textbook publishing†¦social class, religion and sex†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Loewen 34). Loewen asserts that textbooks ignore several historical realities due to many reasons. The main

Discussion of the Play Behind the Beautiful Forevers

Discussion of the Play Behind the Beautiful Forevers The play Behind the Beautiful Forevers is based on the book of the same title written by Katherine Boo. It was adapted into a play by David Hare. It focuses on the lives of two matriarchal families living in a slum- Annawadi, which is just next to the Mumbai airport. The slum is surrounded by luxury hotels on all sides, while it is full of trash that has kept on pilling and accumulating over the years. These families in the play largely represent the majority of the families in Mumbai. Families that have been let down by the systems that were put in place to be of assistance to them, the hatred of the poor towards one another and the resilience with which this families withstand all these and stick together throughout the difficulties (Hare 2). The Husain’s story shows how difficult it is to do good in an imperfect world where all systems are corrupt and the individuals are evil. One then wonders how the people at the bottom of the heap of trash can be honest in a world full o f bribes and corruption. The system should be where people run to when they have problems but that does not seem to be the case, the affluent are getting it all; the privileges given by the system because they are able to pay for the services offered, while the police don’t care about the poor people in the slums at all because most of them cannot afford to pay the bribe. Behind the Beautiful Forevers depicted Mumbai as a city of contrasts, where immense wealth and extreme poverty are rarely distant. It also shows how corruption in the public institutions and systems tends to undermine the community’s quality of life. The play reveals the obstacles to fairness and societal mobility in India. It also shows how young people in Annawadi remain hopeful through their personal philosophies especially in this time of global change. Abdul is the representation of a generation of young Indians struggling to elevate themselves out of poverty. The setting onstage truly depicted the lives of the characters, there was a motorcycle on stage and a tuk-tuk too which was a typical Indian medium of transport and it was even driven on stage. There was use of a strong noise of a plane landing, which brought out the closeness of the slum to the airport. The loud roar of the plane drowns the screams of Kalu as he’s being attacked and later murdered by two drug dealers, who thought that he had given the police information about them. This was a very dramatic scene with the noise at its loudest and the screams from Kalu together with the roaring of the plane set the tone of the play right from the start. As the play began, the shadow of a mighty passenger jet flew low over the Olivier stalls, the closeness of its very loud roar made the scalp tighten. Then, like a deluge of blessings, a cascade of used plastic bottles dropped from the skies. A pack of scavengers with their cardboard scoops went into a frenzied overdrive. This clearly depicts the huge gap between the affluent and the poor in Mumbai. The rich fly above the poor and leave them scrambling for their left over without a care of what is going on below them. David Hare while writing the play did not identify a single main character to pivot and plot the play around. This I believe was a calculated risk he decided to take as the play has various characters that we have to get a hold of and there are also many stories to tell, the play thus keeps rotating on each one of the character’s lives and the struggles they go through as individuals and also as a family unit, especially when the one legged Fatima due to her jealousy of the Husain’s relative prosperity, inflicts burn wound on herself and later accuses them of being responsible for her injuries. As with most stories that have a strong sense of place the play opened up to universal understanding. The play created tension between the perception of the situation and the energy of the place; this is because the sense of darkness was not because of the awful things that were happening to Husain’s family through the play or the poverty in Annawadi. The Husain family actually at this difficult time, depicted resilience in the face of the problems that later followed, after the one legged woman blamed their family for her injuries. Their integrity came under scrutiny the family fortune was wiped out by the grasping â€Å"justice† system as they struggle to clear their name and we see a corrupt system where one has to pay a lot of money to see their own charge sheet. We have a glimpse of the corrupt nature of the legal system and the essential injustices of a society in which the poor repeatedly blame equally poor individuals for their misfortunes. The Husain family however shows an extraordinary story of hope, despair and the unity in and strong ties in the family unit. The writer David Hare portrays the compromises the individuals in the play have to make in order to survive and have and get to the top of the heap with flashes of compassion and understanding, so that the audience actually relates to the cast. For instance: Asha having to sleep around in order for her daughter to get an education. The Husains having to pay the officer at the station just to see their charge sheet and due to the bribes they keep giving they lose all they worked so hard to build. They are back at the bottom where they started. The darkness is because of the one thing that both the poor have learned, though in different ways and contexts but nevertheless the same thing, that the road to happiness and success involves mistreating and trampling over other people. It is this dark thought that pollutes the mind and pollinates the minor and small sins done by individuals and leads them to escalate and the tragedy multiplies. The adults have been depicted as having learned the wrong lesson; this left the children as the sensible untainted individuals in Annawadi. The young people in the play representing the youth in India, were shown as being the future of the country. The future where there will be no corruption as they could not stand for it or condone it. As is today the young people do not believe in corruption, they stand against the vice and even hold demonstrations in the streets to protests against it. The young people can now hold the public institutions accountable for any misappropriation or abuse of office. Public offices still subtly favor a certain section of members in the society, because of their contribution to one or two of the organization’s projects, it however is not as rampant and if one is found out they could definitely be prosecuted. Thus the young people in the play represent the views of the young people in the world right now. This character in the young people was however often regarded to as an act of revolt throughout the play we saw, Abdul round up on an officer who was asking for money in order to abort his father’s trial, Manju who has hopes of being the first woman in Annawadi to gain a degree also rejects the means through which her mother employs to pay for her education. Meena, Sunil and Kehkashan are also not left behind as they are also shown as being perceptive with an unbending, understanding of something they couldn’t get themselves to voice. Abdul brings together an energy that was out of control in the slum area and gets rid of the darkness engulfing them. This might well have been the start of something or nothing really but at least it was the moment the play was more than a vicious cycle that one was unable to escape from. In as much as David Hare has done his best to get the most important themes from the book and release the play as the book is, there are a few things that we still miss from the book. For instance the play does not show Asha’s involvement in the local politics which was always the driving force behind her ambitiousness; to get to the money and power that runs the Annawadi. The play however managed to bring the described image of the Mumbai slum close to the audience and he did this in a major way through the set up on stage and by focusing on the continuous and endless toil of the characters and the recreation of grim physical context in detail. From the play we also gained the sense of getting to see a living community and the young people in resistance of the corruption that was being accepted by the adults. Behind the Beautiful Forevers was an exciting production as the adaptation managed to preserve the humanity and intimacy of the book. References Hare, D. (2014). Behind the Beautiful Forevers. Faber Faber, Limited.

Volcanic Emissions and Global Cooling Essay -- Global Warming Climate

Volcanic Emissions As volcanoes erupt, they blast huge clouds into the atmosphere. These clouds are made up of particles and gases that were previously trapped in the geosphere, including sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, chlorine, argon, carbon monoxide, and water vapor. Millions of tons of harmful sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide gas can reach the stratosphere from a major volcano. While all these gases play a small part in volcanic-induced climate change, carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide are by far the largest contributors to global cooling. Carbon Dioxide Carbon dioxide emissions from volcanoes total around 110 million tons per year, but this number is extremely small if compared to the 10 billion tons put into the atmosphere by human activities. Despite being a greenhouse gas that is known for its global warming potential, carbon dioxide, combined with volcanic ash, actually act as short-term coolants in the atmosphere by acting as a â€Å"blanket† that absorbs the sun’s radiation in the stratosphere before it can reach the earth’s surface. There are those who argue that volcanic carbon dioxide emissions result in long-term global warming, but the amounts released by volcanoes have not proven to be substantial enough to significantly affect the global temperature in the long run. Sulfur Dioxide Sulfur dioxide has the most adverse effect on the atmosphere of any of the volcanic gases. Sulfur dioxide is converted to sulfuric acid within months of the eruption. Winds then spread these newly formed aerosols over the ... ...here is a definite short-term global cooling process brought about by volcanic eruptions, there have been no noticeable long-term effects, other than the depletion of ozone due to the release of aerosols. The relatively small amount of harm done to the atmosphere by volcanoes cannot even compare to the extensive damage done by man. Sources Cited 1. "Atmospheric Aersols: What are they, and why are they so important?" http://oea.larc.nasa.gov/PAIS/Aerosols.html 2. "Volcanoes and Climate." http://itg1.meteor.wisc.edu/wxwise/museum/a5/a5volcan.html 3. "Recent volcanic eruption data." http://skye.gsfc.nasa.gov 4. "The Science of Climate Change: The Aerosol Effect." http://www.panda.org/resources/publications 5. "The Effects of Volcanic Eruptions on Earth's Climate." http://www.geo.mtu.edu 6. "Volcanoes and global cooling." http://www.nasa.gov

Interpersonal Communication Reflective Paper on the Movie Crash Essay

The motion picture Crash is an extremely thought provoking movie about the underlying racial tensions in our society, with the representation of black, Hispanic, and Middle Eastern ethnicities and the stereotypes associated with each. The movie Crash is unique because instead of showing characters at their best, like most popular movies do, the characters are instead stressed out and pushed to their own emotional limits. In the movie, crashing comes from beliefs in stereotypes, pre-conceived judgments, and racial discrimination. These negative elements run rampant throughout the movie in attempt to show a typical day in the life for the people of Los Angeles. No matter how hard some of the characters try to negate their own racial stereotype, in some way or form it becomes inevitable that they must live out the stereotype to exist in the society they live in. The character I will be analyzing throughout this paper is Officer John Ryan who was played by Matt Dillon. Ryan is a middle-a ged police officer in Los Angeles, California who has been with the force for seventeen years, with a knack for being exceedingly racist in his multiple encounters with African Americans. Although Officer Ryan is an incredibly verbal person, his use of nonverbal communication speaks even louder. From the beginning of the movie, Ryan displays character of a man that’s full arrogance and superiority. He seems to have a â€Å"better than thou† attitude. This is prevalent in the way he way he carries himself; shoulders back, chest out, and head cocked. He has looks of the â€Å"typical† All American male; tall, dark, and seemingly handsome with a loud and stately voice. I depict Ryan as a white supremacist. Not only is he racial, but also sees himself as being above those of color. He seems to think that he is entitled to the power that comes from his ethnicity. He believes that because he is a white male living in North  America, he is somewhat at the â€Å"top of the food chain†. Throughout the film, there are consecutive occurrences when Officer Ryan uses nonverbal and interpersonal communication to assert his authority and social supremacy. The first instance being when Officer Ryan pulled over Cameron and Christine, a classy black couple, for p resumably taking part in oral sex whilst maneuvering a vehicle. Ryan had so much underlying hatred towards blacks; he used his power to exercise inappropriate behavior towards an innocent couple of color. After asking Christine to put her hands on the car, he then began to feel her up and touch her body in an unacceptable manner right in front of her husband, the whole time acting as though he was â€Å"checking for weapons†. And after witnessing the conflict between Officer Ryan and Cameron, Hansen suggests that Officer Ryan be removed from the LAPD. He was soon shocked to find that the LAPD does not share workplace values or norms that are expected of law enforcement officers. Ryan’s actions are noted by his superior, however, because he has such a strong network density (how connected each network member is to other members) the superior officer refuses to dismiss Ryan, but transfers Hansen to another car. hen he shook hands with Hansen, he held on and squeezed extremely tight, assuring him that after years of doing this, he will become a different person; implying that after some time of working in the force, he, too, will become racist. Again, he was using this hand gesture to exert authority over one of his colleagues. In our society, particularly the South, there are many people with mindsets alike Officer Ryan. Although there are many people who would instantly recognize the racial injustices of his behavior, there are also many people who would justify it because of the general stereotype of blacks. The media somewhat perpetuates the stereotype of blacks simply by showing their gang activity, criminal accounts, and poverty levels. However, I think that officers Ryan’s hatred toward blacks stems from bad personal experiences of his own, particularly one with his father. As a result, every offense a black person commits reinforces his misinterpretation of the black population as a whole. Instead of seeing a person who commits a crime as a sinful human being who has made wrong decisions in life, he assumes the reason they commit such crimes is merely because they are black. As we continue lookin at Ryan, there were two very significant emotional moments for Ryan’s father with health coverage, Ryan  experienced the primary emotion of anger. He interpreted this event in an extremely negative way: because Shaniqua was black and made him angry, he believed that all black people were against him. While it is debatable whether or not he always had a negative mood towards African-Americans, there is certainly no denying a change in feelings. The result of this emotion was neuroticism on Ryan’s part, focusing only on the negatives, and subsequently venting on Cameron and Christine Thayer which violated socially acceptable display rules. The second emotional event for Ryan was when he eventually saves Christine Thayer from a car crash. He must save Christine by communicating with her, but the fear and anger she has towards Ryan because of his abuse hinders his ability to do so. It is in that moment that Ryan realizes what his actions and mismanagement of emotions had caused. Only through supportive communication, sharing messages that express emotional support and offer personal assistance, is John able to save Christine. There is a sense of reappraisal in Ryan’s second emotional encounter. The crash made him rethink about his previous actions toward African-Americans, and thus caused a change in how they impacted him emotionally. Conclusively, I see Officer Ryan as a very intriguing character. At the beginning of the movie, I thought he was just a racist jerk who didn’t care about anyone except for himself. The way he treated Cameron and Christine made it very apparent that he didn’t feel any shame in completely humiliating and taking advantage of two innocent people. However, as the movie progressed, you see him living with his dad and waking up in the middle of the night to take care of him and his health problem. Then you see him seeking out extreme measures to try and receive some alternate health care for his hurting father. And finally at the climax scene of the movie you see him risk his own life to save a black woman. At the end of the movie, I saw Ryan not as a selfish uncaring person but as a man who has let certain individuals change his perception on an entire race of people. Because he is a cop, he deals with all of the black people who DO live up to their stereotype and hardly ever comes in contact with the black people who are good and responsible citizens. He let his bitterness consume him.

Essay on English Portfolio Metaphor

Essay on English Portfolio Metaphor Essay on English Portfolio Metaphor Yasmine Shahbazi English II Mr. Paulsen 15 May 2013 English Portfolio Metaphor Sophomore year has definitely been peculiar to say the least. It has come with great challenges, some overcome, and some not; one thing for sure, it was no walk in the park. Managing to get through this year has been like a poker game. You deal or are dealt to. It includes skill and luck. You bet, check, bluff, and raise. You learn from those you play with. Sometimes you win with a pair or lose with a full house. But whatever happens, it's best to keep on shuffling along. (tying in metaphor to this year don’t know where to put it in essay)******Sophomore year required times when I had to deal with certain situations solely by myself and yet there were other times when I had the reliability of my teachers to help me. This year made me study to the point where my brain physicaly hurt to get a successful grade, or I wouldn’t study at all and somehow do fine. I took risks, yet there were moments when I was insecure. I relied immensely on my peers who always encouraged me to try the best I could. There were tests I would get A’s on, and tests I would fail. But finally by the end of the year, I learned to let whatever happens happen as long as I tried my hardest.**** Over this past year, I know I have truly changed as a whole. I used to be so insecure, and the things that used to be so important to me before are completely irrelevant now. I remember the struggles I had when I was a freshman, not my best time. I was doing horribly in school and no matter how hard I tried, my grades continued to tumble. I remember sitting there with my friends after first semester was over having ended with a 2.8 gpa, and one of my friends was claiming it to be the end of the world because she had one A- along with the rest of her A’s. I was so embarrassed knowing I was by far the dumbest one in that room, I remember sitting there thinking could I quite possibly be the stupidest person in our grade? I feel like Sage is the complete opposite of the typical stereotype of highschool, that if your not smart at sage your a loser. I just always felt people thought I purposely wasn’t trying when I want nothing more than to have good grades! And then theres t he annoyance of people who don’t try at all and get perfect grades while I am studying as hard as I can to only do at best mediocre. For example, my friend and I both had a science test the next day. I had been sitting in my room for ours studying the material ready to have a nervous breakdown when I get a call from that friend asking if I want to go to dinner and the mall that night. When I ask her about the test, she said she hasn’t studied yet and shes just going to fail. Next day, I get an 80 and she gets a 98. This is so frustrating to me and when I am at my worst it seems like the most unfair thing in the world to me. These thoughts and frustrations continued to fluster my mind for the rest of freshman year. I constantly put myself down and was always severly stressed out about my future. Hearing all of my friends talking about all of the extracurricular activites and community service they already have as freshman when I had none. I had very overdramatic days w hen I honestly thought I would not get into college. After a long summer break, going into sophomore year was a way easier transition than I thought. Everything that I was constantly worried and stressed out about freshman year never factored in and I still don’t know why. I have been trying my hardest and for the most part, it has proved to be successful! Not going to lie, I feel a lot better about myself when I hear my friends saying how they think sophomore year is a lot more challenging than freshman year when I feel that I am doing okay! I do not mean to downplay it, however. Sophomore year is slightly less challenging, but its still not easy. And I don’t think that the

The Meaning of Innuendo, Definition and Examples

The Meaning of Innuendo, Definition and Examples Innuendo is a subtle or indirect observation about a person or thing, usually of a salacious, critical, or disparaging nature. Also called insinuation. In An Account of Innuendo, Bruce Fraser defines the term as an implied message in the form of an allegation whose content constitutes some sort of unwanted ascription towards the target of the comment (Perspectives on Semantics, Pragmatics, and Discourse, 2001). As T. Edward Damer has noted, The force of this fallacy lies in the impression created that some veiled claim is true, although no evidence is presented to support such a view (Attacking Faulty Reasoning, 2009). Pronunciation   in-YOO-en-doe Etymology From the Latin, by hinting Examples and Observations The informal fallacy of innuendo  consists of implying a judgment, usually derogatory, by hinting. No argument is offered. Instead  the  audience is invited by suggestion, by a nod and a wink, to make the assumption. Someone asks, Where is Jones? Did he get fired or something? Someone answers, Not yet.  By innuendo, the response  numbers Joness days. The political candidate who distributes a brochure promising to restore honesty and integrity to an office has suggested, without presenting any argument, that the incumbent is crooked. - Joel Rudinow and Vincent E. Barry,  Invitation to Critical Thinking, 6th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2008 Sexual come-ons are a classic example [of innuendo]. Would you like to come up and see my etchings? has been recognized as a double entendre for so long that by 1939, James Thurber could draw a cartoon of a hapless man in an apartment lobby saying to his date, You wait here, and Ill bring the etchings down.​ The veiled threat also has a stereotype: the Mafia wiseguy offering protection with the soft sell, Nice store you got there. Would be a real shame if something happened to it. Traffic cops sometimes face not-so-innocent questions like, Gee, Officer, is there some way I could pay the fine right here? - Steven Pinker, Words Dont Mean What They Mean, Time, September 6, 2007 How to Detect Innuendo To detect innuendo, one has to read between the lines of the written or spoken discourse in a given case and draw out by implicature conclusions that are meant to be inferred by a reader or audience. This is done by reconstructing the argument as a contribution to a conversation, a conventionalized type of dialogue, in which the speaker and hearer (or reader) are supposedly engaged. In such a context, speaker and hearer may be presumed to share common knowledge and expectations and cooperatively to take part in the conversation at its different stages, by taking turns making kinds of moves called speech acts, for example, questioning and replying, asking for clarification or justification of an assertion. - Douglas Walton, One-Sided Arguments: A Dialectical Analysis of Bias. State University of New York Press, 1999 Erving Goffman on the Language of Hint Tact in regard to face-work often relies for its operation on a tacit agreement to do business through the language of hintthe language of innuendo, ambiguities, well-placed pauses, carefully worded jokes, and so on. The rule regarding this unofficial kind of communication is that the sender ought not to act as if he had officially conveyed the message he has hinted at, while the recipients have the right and the obligation to act as if they have not officially received the message contained in the hint. Hinted communication, then, is deniable communication; it need not be faced up to. - Erving Goffman, Interaction Ritual: Essays in Face-to-Face Behavior. Aldine, 1967 Innuendo in Political Discourse Some seem to believe that we should negotiate with the terrorists and radicals, as if some ingenious argument will persuade them they have been wrong all along. We have heard this foolish delusion before. - President George W. Bush, speech to the members of the Knesset in Jerusalem, May 15, 2008 Bush was speaking of appeasement against those who would negotiate with terrorists. The White House spokeswoman, with a straight face, claimed the reference was not to Sen. Barack Obama. - John Mashek, Bush, Obama, and the Hitler Card. U.S. News, May 16, 2008 Our nation stands at a fork in the political road. In one direction, lies a land of slander and scare; the land of sly innuendo, the poison pen, the anonymous phone call and hustling, pushing, shoving; the land of smash and grab and anything to win. This is Nixonland. But I say to you that it is not America. - Adlai E. Stevenson II, written during his second presidential campaign in 1956 The Lighter Side of Sexual Innuendo Norman: (leers, grinning) Your wife interested in er . . . (waggles head, leans across) photographs, eh? Know what I mean? Photographs, he asked him knowingly. Him: Photography? Norman: Yes. Nudge nudge. Snap snap. Grin grin, wink wink, say no more. Him: Holiday snaps? Norman: Could be, could be taken on holiday. Could be, yesswimming costumes. Know what I mean? Candid photography. Know what I mean, nudge nudge. Him: No, no we dont have a camera. Norman: Oh. Still (slaps hands lightly twice) Woah! Eh? Wo-oah! Eh? Him: Look, are you insinuating something? Norman: Oh . . . no . . . no . . . Yes. Him: Well? Norman: Well. I mean. Er, I mean. Youre a man of the world, arent you . . . I mean, er, youve er . . . youve been there havent you . . . I mean youve been around . . . eh? Him: What do you mean? Norman: Well, I mean, like youve er . . . youve done it . . . I mean like, you know . . . youve . . . er . . . youve slept . . . with a lady. Him: Yes. Norman: Whats it like? - Eric Idle and Terry Jones, episode three of Monty Pythons Flying Circus, 1969

Global Financial Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Global Financial Management - Essay Example ROE has the advantage of flexibility. When selecting projects to invest in overseas, it enables one to either use the simple way of calculating and measuring income or use a more complex way with so much details. Return on Equity can of benefit when used in trend analysis. This means that using ROE can enable a company to calculate its return on equity over a number of years. However, ROE has some disadvantages when selecting projects to invest in overseas. It only shows the company’s equity investment performance. Therefore, a company might have leveraged its investment in a huge amount of debt, but improving its ROE as long as the debt is creating income. Another disadvantage of ROE is the fact that it only measures the net income. Net income includes revenue without the expenses, which means that ROE is affected and lowered if a company has large amounts of capital assets. Internal Rate on Return can be defined as the return rate used to measure the amount of profit generated by investment in capital budgeting. It’s used to indicate the efficiency and quality of an investment. IRR is also used to measure whether projects and investments are appealing. Its advantages when selecting projects to invest in overseas include; time value whereby the cash flow is weighed equally using the time value of money. This is because the future cash flow timing is put into consideration. Another advantage is the way IRR makes it simple to measure the value of several projects together that have been put into consideration. Internal Rate on Return has a number of disadvantages. This method does not consider future costs as it only calculates the cash flow created by a project hence leaving out the capability of the project creating cash flow in future. Another disadvantage is the fact that IRR does not consider the size of the project. It only measures cash flow in comparison to the amount of capital creating that cash

To what extent are women and development approaches counterproductive Essay

To what extent are women and development approaches counterproductive in addressing the problems faced by women in the global south - Essay Example According to Williams (1999), the term â€Å"development† is to be taken in its broadest meaning that encompasses not only the economic sense but also every social activity undertaken by human beings to successfully employ the gifted resources of nature towards their prosperity and well being. It has truly been authenticated in the studies by several authors that women play a dominant role in the development of a family, country, and a nation as a whole. Studies conducted by Hanson and Pratt (1995) and Kobayashi (1994) suggest that women are more industrious and do more untiring jobs than men in both rural and urban areas. In fact their roles and functions are proved to be multidimensional in every walk of life ranging from home, childcare and domestic duties to social, economic and workplace responsibilities. Gringeri (1994) states that women are increasingly setting out to do out-of-home jobs with the need of supporting their economic independency. Despite that, they seem to be dependent on men for their social and economic growth everywhere around the world. As a consequence of devastating and ruining conventional norms against women in several regions of the world most specifically the less developed ones led the thoughtful world to the evolution of several panoptical ideas and approaches relevant to women and their contribution to the economic development of country termed as â€Å"women and development† approaches. Overholt et al. (1984) illustrate that these approaches greatly contributed to project women as an economic resource that could be utilised further towards the growth of economy. The first of these was the all-famous approach called â€Å"women-in-development† that was aroused and advanced in the early 1970s that served the purpose of enlightening the world regarding the role that was and that could be played by women in the economic development of countries around

The Impact of Cause-Related Marketing on Consumer Choices Research Paper

The Impact of Cause-Related Marketing on Consumer Choices - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the definition of Cause Related Marketing. A working definition of CRM is borrowed from Varadarajan Menon. In this regard, Varadarajan and Menon define CRM as the process of formulating and implementing marketing activities that are characterised by an offer from the firm to contribute a specific amount to a designated cause when customers engage in revenue providing exchanges that satisfy organizational and individual objectives. In this regard, CRM is a form of business orientated philanthropy geared toward â€Å"profit-motivated giving†. CRM is also characterized by symmetrical relations between business organizations/for-profit organizations and non-profit organization on the basis of shared advantages. To this end, the business organization seeks to obtain an increase in sales and the non-profit organization seeks to obtain an increase in funding. Thus CRM is both a â€Å"positioning† and â€Å"marketing tool† that intentionally connects a business or a brad to â€Å"a relevant cause or issue† for the benefit of the business and the social cause or its non-profit promoter. A business firms’ investment in CRM is based on the concept that consumers for the most part will choose a brand for both â€Å"expressive† and â€Å"practical reasons†. Therefore a business may choose CRM as a means of promoting attachment to brand by tapping into the social and environmental consciousness of consumers to their products. When businesses’ brands are already experiencing a high level of loyalty to their products and brands, CRM can be used as â€Å"brand extensions†.... 60). In this regard, CRM is a form of business orientated philanthropy geared toward â€Å"profit-motivated giving† (Varadarajan & Menon, 1988, p. 58). CRM is also characterized by symmetrical relations between business organizations/for-profit organizations and non-profit organization on the basis of shared advantages. To this end, the business organization seeks to obtain an increase in sales and the non-profit organization seeks to obtain an increase in funding (Kahle & Close, 2011). Thus CRM is both a â€Å"positioning† and â€Å"marketing tool† that intentionally connects a business or a brad to â€Å"a relevant cause or issue† for the benefit of the business and the social cause or its non-profit promoter (Pringle & Thompson, 1999, p. 3). A business firms’ investment in CRM is based on the concept that consumers for the most part will choose a brand for both â€Å"expressive† and â€Å"practical reasons†(Linton, 2005, p. 604). Th erefore a business may choose CRM as a means of promoting attachment to brand by tapping into the social and environmental consciousness of consumers to their products. When businesses’ brands are already experiencing a high level of loyalty to their products and brands, CRM can be used as â€Å"brand extensions† (David, 2000, p. 132). Ultimately, the marketing strategy employed in CRM is to engage the consumer’s emotions with the result that the consumer is left feeling that by purchasing a specific product, he or she is helping to further social goods (Strahilevitz, 1999). From the perspective of the business organization, there can be two specific benefits. First, in the long term, CRM can provide an advantage in that it may improve the business’s

Wise Judgment Scenario Essay Example for Free

Wise Judgment Scenario Essay The wise judgment scenario that I have chosen to write on is the teenage girl  in love. The teenaged girl’s boyfriend that she is in love with is encouraging her to have sex; he is saying he will make sure they only have protected sex. Older woman can usually relate to situations like this, because we were all once young. I have personally dealt with this wise judgment situation but at a younger age. When coming to situations like these one must make a wise judgment, this will take place with in the perception of the person. There are several questions the young girl needs to think about; am I old enough, do I really love him, is it worth it, or is he worth it. The person needs to look with in her emotional perception. This is the person’s ability to identify emotions and recognize them in others. The teenage girl needs to think, does he really show emotions for me as I do for him. She thinks that she is in love, but how does she know she is not experiencing lust for the boy? Maybe the couple spends too much time together, and she cannot decipher her emotions because she is constantly with him. If she was to go hang out with friends maybe then she could open up and realizes if this is something she should avoid at this age. Mood changes sometimes enable people to appreciate different and more points of view. This scenario is almost a hard factor for a lot of people to try and make judgments towards. I think this is because we do not know how old the teenage girl is, and we do not know her or the boy friends back ground. Now in our present time, teenage pregnancy is very common now, and most of them our in their very low teens. I think this should have a lot to do with decisions making when it comes to unprotected sex. If the boy friend says he will make sure, it is also in her wise judgment to make sure as well, not just him. Wise judgment has been hypnotized into five components, to better help people understand. The first component is factual knowledge about matters of life. This means this includes knowledge about human nature, interpersonal relations, and social norms (Ch 4, pg94). The teenage girl  needs to get more information about interpersonal relation and human nature. This will help her understand how relationships work, and she can find out if she is in love with him or is it lust. If this is her first relationship it is more than likely going to be lust. As teenagers hormones kick in they like whoever is the first persons to show them the attention they like. This could also be another factor in her having sex with this boy. He could be using her because he knows she is irritable. The next component is procedural knowledge, this deal with weighing goals, methods of handling conflict, and ways of offering advice. The teenagers can use this knowledge by weighing goals that they wish to have as they get older. For example if they want to go to college, or even get married in a couple years, what if they have kids. All these need to be thought about when they are being sexual active because having protected sex does not always 100% prevent births. So they need t think, what happens if we do get pregnant, will I still be able to achieve the goals that I had before hand, like finishing school. Handling conflict is also a strategy they can think about, what if they have sex and they end up breaking up. Questions like where would we go from there? The third component is lifespan contextualism, this is knowledge about different roles and contexts of life and how they may change in life. The teenage couple may not realize that as they grow older and mature that there might be someone else out there for them. If they can learn to wait and enjoy being teenagers and not have to possible deal with the risk and responsibilities of life, they might find more friends and things to do. In a life we come in contact with so many people, making so many friends along the way. Life is to enjoy and not grow up to fast, live and learn. Next is the fourth component of wise judgment and it is recognition and management of uncertainly. This is that the future cannot be fully known in advance and that life is unpredictable. This should be a very big component in talking about sexual relations, especially between young people. Having a child at a young age is something that cannot be predicted. Even protected sex can go wrong; the best protection is not having sex until parent hood is ready. The last component to wise judgment is relativism regarding solutions. This is to acknowledge individual and cultural differences in values and life priorities. This brings us back to goals. Setting goals as a younger person is vary valuable in life, it can help you reach what you want to be in life.  The teenagers need to be aware of their goals and not only a couple but as individuals. They need to be fully aware of the effects that teen sex can cause. They need to think what happens if she does get pregnant are they financially responsible to take care of another life. Based on the five components of wise judgments the decision that I have made regarding this scenario is that they should wait. I have chosen to make this decision because all the facts make sense. If the teenagers are in â€Å"love† then I believe that they should be able to wait a little bit longer. They need to wait and make sure they are finished with school and both have reliable jobs. I think these are important to look at because if she happens to get pregnant she will not have to quit school or fall behind on school work, since she will be graduated. Also having jobs and an established place is a big deal. They do not want to have the burden of having a baby and not having anyway of raising the baby. Also it says that he is encouraging her into having sex, and I think that this is a form of peer pressure and on his behalf is not fair. Younger teenage girls are very vulnerable when it comes to having a boyfriend interested in being with them. So I think waiting is the true test of their relationship.

The Absurdity of Scientific Creationism Essay -- Science Religion Essa

The Absurdity of Scientific Creationism We humans have always thought of ourselves as being unique, whether by divine sanction or by a self-established belief in superiority. For some, this understanding is intimately tied to the traditional tenets that have long been held as fact, having only recently been challenged. For modern Christians, the literal interpretation of the Bible=s account of creation has come under attack by the development and widespread acceptance of Darwinian evolution. To some, undermining the credibility of Biblical creation directly calls into question the Bible=s authority on its moral teachings. As Ken Ham, from the WGBH Boston Video Evolution Series: What About God? states, AYwhat it [the Bible] says is what it meansYit relates to the authority of scripture and the gospelsYso, if the Bible got it wrong in astronomyYgeologyYbiologyYthen why should I trust the Bible when it talks about morality and salvation? [i]@ It is no wonder with sentiments like these that the backlash against evolution has been so strong and lasting; nonetheless, it has not been until the last few decades that such a debate has moved from the pulpit to the laboratory. With a more educated and well-informed army of Christians, who believe in creationism, the scientific evidence for evolution has now come under assault. With creationists and intelligent design advocates like Henry M. Morris and Michael J. Behe respectively, the attack on Darwin is no longer argued as religion versus evolution per se, but rather one Alegitimate@ scientific theory against another. Here, we examine some of the scientific arguments presented by Henry M. Morris in his various publications. As a biology major, I find Morris= writings fascin... ...nd John D. Morris. The Modern Creation Trilogy: Science & Creation. Vol. 2. Green Forest, AR: Master Books, 1997. [xvi] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/ [Date Accessed: Saturday, February 1, 2003] [xvii] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/tutorial/Altschul-1.html [Date Accessed: Saturday, February 1, 2003] [xviii] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/tutorial/Altschul-1.html [Date Accessed: Saturday, February 1, 2003] [xix] Morris, Henry H. Scientific Creationism. Appleman 557-564. [xx] Morris, Henry M., and John D. Morris. The Modern Creation Trilogy: Science & Creation. Vol. 2. Green Forest, AR: Master Books, 1997. [xxi] Morris, Henry M., and John D. Morris. The Modern Creation Trilogy: Science & Creation. Vol. 2. Green Forest, AR: Master Books, 1997. [xxii] Evolution: What About God? Videocassette. WGBH Boston Video, 2001. 60 min.

Free Hamlet Essays: Weak and Pitiful Hamlet :: The Tragedy of Hamlet Essays

Weak and Pitiful Hamlet  Ã‚   Hamlet lead his life in circles, never comfortable enough with his current conditions to settle down. The crisis’ placed upon him were never resolved, because he couldn’t handle decisions, leading to a severe downfall in his family’s life. Such demise began in a terrace of the palace Hamlet called home, with a sighting of a ghost that foreshadowed troubles in the near future. Hamlet’s sanity began to deteriorate when learned that his father’s death was not an accident, but rather a foul deed committed by the newly crowned King of Denmark. â€Å"If thou didst ever thy dear father love – Revenge his foul and most unnatural murder† [Act I, v l .23-25]. As a mysterious ghost appeared in the terrace, Hamlet learned of a murderer that would prove his fealty towards his father. As he contemplated the appalling news recently brought to his attention, the control Hamlet had over his actions was questioned. â€Å"O villain, villain, smiling, damned villain! My tables meet it is I set it down, That one may smile, and smile, and be a villain. At least I am sure it may be so in Denmark,† [Act I, v l. 106-109]. Hamlet’s hatred toward his father’s killer caused him to relate the tribulations between murder and the aspects of Denmark as a country together. As with most of the conflicts Hamlet faced, his lack of ability to avenge his father’s death, furthered the deterioration of his life and surroundings. With countless opportunities neglected, Hamlet’s ability to take any action against his father’s death is questioned. â€Å"Now might I do it pat, now ‘a is a-praying, and now I’ll do’t. And so ‘a goes to heaven, And so am I revenged. That would be scanned. A villain kills my father, and for that I, his sole son, do this same villain send To heaven.† [Act III, iii l. 173-180] Hamlet contemplates killing Cladius while he prayed for forgiveness, but then backed out as he learned he’ll send him to heaven for the loyalty Cladius showed towards the Lord. Hamlet once again debates the possibilities put before him by the ghost he swore to avenge. â€Å"To be, or not to be – that is the question: Whether ‘tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune Or to take arms against a sea of troubles And by opposing end them.

The instructional design process

See the undermentioned conjectural state of affairs, you have been approached by a module member at UNC who has merely received a big grant for developing educational stuffs in her field of expertness. Although the module member knows her capable really good, she has ne'er been involved in a big development undertaking. Her annual undertaking involves working with other module members as capable affair experts and organizing the attempts of assorted media production contractors. The module member has approached you to assist her program this undertaking. Describe for her what is meant by instructional design in relation to this undertaking. In peculiar, she is interested in how instructional aims, choosing the right media, and formative development will assist her undertaking. Instructional design is a mussy procedure. It is a non-linear iterative procedure that includes legion visions and alterations. Sims and Koszalka ( 2008 ) define instructional design as â€Å" a purposeful activity that consequences in a combination of schemes, activities, and resources to ease acquisition † ( p. 570 ) . Merrill, Barclay, and van Schaak ‘s ( 2008 ) definition suggests purpose and intent when they describe the procedure as one which involves â€Å" making designs for effectual, efficient, and prosecuting direction † ( p. 174 ) . What we know about this peculiar grant is that it is a â€Å" big grant † with the intent of â€Å" developing educational stuffs † for one twelvemonth. Furthermore, this undertaking will affect working with assorted module members every bit good as media production contractors. Given these conditions, the instructional design theoretical account created by Morrison, Ross, and Kemp ( 2004 ) will be the underli ning usher for this treatment. The subdivisions on aims, message design, and formative development will be written in more item than other subdivisions based on the petition by the module member. Typically, the first measure in the instructional design procedure is placing the job. This involves calculating out if instructional design is appropriate. Because the grant has already been approved, it will be assumed that the demands appraisal, end analysis, and public presentation appraisal for the undertaking have been conducted and it was determined that direction is the appropriate manner to work out the job. The 2nd measure is to measure the demands of the scholars. Morrison et Al. ( 2004 ) suggest taking a expression at three facets of the intended audience: a ) general features, or â€Å" wide placing variables such as gender, age, work experience, instruction, and ethnicity † ( p. 57 ) ; specific entry competences, or â€Å" prerequisite accomplishments and attitudes that scholars must possess to profit from preparation † ( p. 58 ) ; and larning manners, or â€Å" traits that refer to how persons approach larning undertakings and procedure information † ( p. 58 ) . For the undertaking, the instructional interior decorator must take into consideration who the scholars are. Are they traditional undergraduate pupils? Are there international pupils? Are they from Colorado? Depending on the features of the scholars, direction will be altered to suit their demands. The 3rd measure is the undertaking analysis. Morrison et Al. ( 2004 ) describe three methods for specifying the content: subject analysis, procedural analysis, and critical incidence analysis. A subject analysis â€Å" is used to specify the facts, constructs, rules, and regulations that will do up the concluding direction † ( p. 80 ) . For the undertaking, it is of import to happen the cardinal stuffs that are relevant to the direction. If the other module are from different subjects, each capable country will necessitate to analyse their ain list of subjects. The procedural analysis â€Å" aˆÂ ¦is used to analyse undertakings by placing the stairss required to finish them † ( p. 84 ) . Making walkthroughs with other module members functioning as subject-matter experts may be a good attack. The critical incidence method â€Å" aˆÂ ¦is used to place the content related to interpersonal interactions and attitudes † ( p. 96 ) . Because in many instances, the aim of an direction is for pupils to derive the accomplishments that experts in the field have acquired, the subject-matter expert becomes a important portion of the design. Therefore, it is necessary to sit down with the other module to better understand the conditions and grounds for which they do what they do and how they do it. Taking into consideration the results of the undertaking analysis, the 4th measure is to make instructional aims. Aims are â€Å" aˆÂ ¦a aggregation of words and/or images and diagrams intended to allow others cognize what you intend your pupils to accomplish † ( Mager, 1984, p. 3 ) . Kaufman ( 2000 ) suggests making an ideal vision, or â€Å" aˆÂ ¦in mensurable footings, the sort of universe we want to make together for tomorrow ‘s kid † ( p. 92 ) as a starting point. This may be a good recommendation, particularly in a big grant where people ‘s thoughts about the agencies by which they get to the ends may be different or may conflict. By placing an ideal vision, planning is set at the mega-level, safely beyond the boundaries of the grant, leting different positions to hold upon a common ends or result. When this is completed, aims for the grant can be written so that they align with the ideal vision. One of the issues in working with a big group of people is that, without clearly stated aims, after a piece, people may acquire off path. When aims are clearly stated, both those involved in making the direction ( i.e. , teachers, instructional interior decorators, capable affair experts ) , the stakeholders, every bit good as scholars to the full understand the purpose of the lesson or course of study. There are three types of aims: cognitive, psychomotor, and affectional. Typically, aims are written for the cognitive sphere, or â€Å" aˆÂ ¦objectives related to information or cognition, calling, work outing, predicting, and other rational facets of larning † ( Morrison et al. , 2004, p. 109 ) . Therefore, merely objectives for the cognitive sphere will be discussed here. A simple manner of retrieving how to compose aims for the cognitive sphere is by utilizing the mnemotechnic ABCD. A refers to the intended audience of the educational stuffs. B is the behaviour, public presentation, or cognitive procedure that will be demonstrated by the scholar as a consequence of the direction. C is the status or accelerator by which the behaviour or cognitive procedures will be evaluated. D is any grade or standard that specifies and clarifies the B and C parts of the aim. Harmonizing to Morrison et Al. ( 2004 ) , aims can be behavioural aims or cognitive aims. If the aims are behavioural aims, it is recommended to province the terminal aim and any enabling aims that are aligned to those terminal aims. A terminal aim is â€Å" a major aim for a subject or undertaking † ( p. 116 ) . These aims tend to be more general and concentrate on the overall ends. Enabling aims are â€Å" the subobjectives that lead to carry throughing the terminal aims † ( p. 117 ) . These are more specific and may depict certain lesson activities or processs that are related to the acquisition undertaking. If higher order thought is one of the ends of the direction, it is recommended that the aims be classified in a taxonomy in order to guarantee that they are so mensurating higher degree ends, and are aligned to larning undertakings and appraisal. If the aims are behavioural aims in the cognitive sphere, the original Bloom ‘s Taxonomy is recommended ( Bloom, Engelhart, Furst, Hill, & A ; Krathwohl, 1956 ) . If the aims are based on cognitive procedures, more recent theoretical accounts such as the one by Anderson et Al. ( 2001 ) or Marzano and Kendall ( 2007 ) are recommended. After aims are stated, the instructional design procedure involves sequencing of content â€Å" aˆÂ ¦in such a manner as to assist the scholar achieve the aims † ( Morrison et al. , 2004, p. 136 ) . Morrison et Al. ( 2004 ) suggest three methods: Gagne ‘s Prerequisite Method, Posner and Strike method, and Reigeluth ‘s Elaboration Theory Sequencing Method. Because it is hard to find sequencing without a discipline-specific lineation of the content, it is beyond the range of this paper to propose sequencing processs. However, for more information, it is recommended to reexamine Morrison et Al. ‘s subdivision on sequencing. The measure after sequencing involves finding the schemes for the direction. Morrison et Al. ( 2004 ) describes two types of schemes, bringing and instructional. Delivery strategies describe the grade of individualisation. These schemes can be individualized or group-paced. Instructional schemes â€Å" prescribe sequences and methods of direction to accomplish an aim † ( p. 150 ) . Such schemes are written to make direction that is effectual, efficient, and appealing. The writers describe assorted prescriptions for learning facts, constructs, rules and regulations, cognitive processs, psychomotor processs, interpersonal accomplishments, and attitudes. With schemes determined, the following measure is to make the message. Message design is the procedure â€Å" to fix the instructional stuffs by interpreting the instructional design program into a unit of direction † ( Morrison et al. , 2004, p. 174 ) . This includes the preinstructional scheme, schemes for signaling, and utilizing images and artworks in the direction. For the undertaking, one preinstructional scheme is a pretest to measure anterior cognition of the pupils. Cognitivist research workers believe that anterior cognition is an of import factor in finding how to maximise acquisition, or alteration in long-run memory. Another preinstructional scheme is merely saying aims at the beginning of the category. Overviews and progress organisers serve to place relevant subjects and content of the lesson. Signing is another scheme that is a portion of message design. Signaling is â€Å" aˆÂ ¦to design the message so that it is communicated efficaciously † ( Morrison et al. , 2004, p. 178 ) . Some suggestions for the undertaking include expressed signals or arrow words to assist scholars spot the most relevant stuff. Morrison et Al. ( 2004 ) states that this can be done through lists, comparings and contrasts, temporal sequencing, cause and consequence, and through definition and illustration. Typographic signals are those signals in the text that emphasize of import information. Paying attending to headers and layout, every bit good as changing the type will assist maximise pupils ‘ focal point. Using and pull stringsing images and artworks is the 3rd scheme of message design. Harmonizing to Morrison et Al. ( 2004 ) , images are good to understand abstract information and to demo spacial relationships. Pictures and artworks such as original art, cartridge holder art, or exposure may heighten acquisition. However, costs effectiveness and copyright Torahs are necessary considerations for its usage. In developing the existent direction, Morrison et Al. ( 2004 ) supply good recommendations. The first recommendation is to do the direction concrete. One of the major cognitive ends in direction is to assist pupils make mental theoretical accounts. By supplying illustrations and artworks, concrete and shorter text, and legion illustrations, pupils will be able to solidify the mental theoretical accounts, doing it easier to recover the information from long-run memory. The 2nd recommendation is to command the measure size. This means that the direction should flux from one subject to the other. Some of the schemes to maximise measure size is utilizing consistent nomenclature and doing mentions to antecedently learned stuff. Pacing is another issue that must be considered through changing the figure of illustrations and supplying amplification on subjects that may be confounding. Another major consideration is cognitive burden. Harmonizing to Lohr and Gall ( 2008 ) , cognitive burden theory is the â€Å" cognitive theoretical account of information processing that emphasizes a conceptual mental work load in understanding human idea † ( p. 86 ) . Harmonizing to Lohr and Gall, cognitive overload and underload may both hinder acquisition. Effective acquisition means that the instructional stuff can non over-burden the pupils ‘ working memory. The usage of multimedia in larning as it relates to cognitive burden has been researched extensively ( see Mayer, 2001 ) . It is of import to understand basic multimedia rules sing the usage of text, life, and narrative prior to their usage in direction. The last measure that needs to be considered is rating. As stated in the debut, all of these stairss are non-linear and iterative. As it will go apparent, the rating subdivision is no exclusion to this regulation. Morrison et Al. ( 2004 ) define three types of rating: formative, summational, and confirmative. The map of formative rating is â€Å" aˆÂ ¦to inform the teacher or planning squad how good the instructional plan is functioning the aims as it progresses † ( p. 240 ) . These types of rating provide feedback to the teacher, the instructional interior decorator, the stakeholders so that alterations can be made to better the direction. During the development of the undertaking, one-to-one tests are recommended. This involves proving out the direction on single scholars. As the bill of exchange of the direction becomes developed, small-group tests can assist the instructional interior decorator expression for strengths and failings in the design. When the design is co mpleted, field tests are conducted. This involves the existent execution of the direction in existent schoolrooms. Summational rating â€Å" is directed toward mensurating the grade to which the major results are attained by the terminal of the class † ( p. 243 ) . Issues that will be considered include effectivity and efficiency of acquisition, cost of development, attitudes to the plan, and long-run benefits. Finally, verification rating is done over clip. This is done by carry oning a follow-up rating ( p. 244 ) . Through questionnaires, interviews, observations and other records, effectivity of the direction can be evaluated and reflected upon.