moralhf charhf Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn †Morality of Hucks Character :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

Huckleberry Finn – Morality of His Character Many critics of Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn fail to see the morality and support of racial equality presented in this novel. June Edwards the author of "What's Moral About Huckleberry Finn" also believes that most critics do not understand Twain's method or completely ignore the satires used throughout the novel. Twain uses a unique method to make a point, including racial equality and Huck's highly moral personality. In June Edward's opinion critics who try to censor Huckleberry Finn see Huck as a poor role model for teenagers. They pass this judgment because of his poor use of grammar and his repeated ability to lie. In Edward's article she points out many things that show Huck's morals along with the novels support of racial equality, which differs greatly with those who wish to censure Huckleberry Finn. Unlike most critics of this novel, I happen to agree with Edwards on her position on this novel. One topic of disapproval of this novel is Huck's use of bad grammar making him a poor role model for today's youth. Huck's use of poor grammar reflects the culture that Huck lived in at that time in the south. I believe that if a person uses poor grammar in their speech, that is not a reflection of that person's personality or morality in any way. Huck proves countless times that he is a young man of high morals even if he is not highly educated. Another criticism of Huck Finn is he tricks people into thinking he is something he is not. For example he posed as a girl in a town down the river to see the response to Huck and Jims disappearance. He acted in a similar manor when asked, by slave catchers who was accompanying him on his raft. Huck quickly created a story to protect his slave friend Jim from the feared slave catchers. Huck hides his identity numerous times to protect his friend Jim from danger and possibly death. It takes an extraordinary high moral person to take these kinds of personal risks to protect a slave especial during this time period in the south, but Huck is nothing of the ordinary.

Did Government Violate Laissez-Faire Essay

After the Civil War, many businessmen endorsed the Laissez-Faire concept of government in order to promote industry. In this concept, government did not interfere with industry. But what came with this concept was unlimited freedom for businessmen and high prices for consumers. While many businessmen supported a Laissez-Faire concept of government between 1865 and 1900, the people did not benefit from it, which led government to violate this concept with their policies, but only to a moderate extent overall. They violated laissez-faire to a moderate extent by issuing Railroad Land Grants before 1870 and eliminating them after, to a great extent by Regulating Interstate Commerce with the Interstate Commerce Act in 1886, and only to a limited extent by attempting to control trust activities with the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890, producing a moderate government involvement overall. Government began to violate the concept of Laissez-Faire with its Railroad Land Grants. Laissez-Faire promoters believed that â€Å"†¦the government is best which governs least. † While industrialists promoted this concept, it was already being violated when the Federal Government gave thousands of acres of land to Railroad companies in return for building railroads. These subsidies, in the form of loans and land grants, totaled over 130 million acres of public land. (Doc D. ) The federal government issued these grants in hope that the railroad would increase the value of the land and provide better rates for carrying mail and transporting troops. More railroads continued to be built, including four other transcontinental railroads. Of these four, James Hill’s Great Northern Railroad was the only one to be built without federal subsidies. These grants benefited the Railroad financiers greatly, especially Jay Gould who went into the business to make quick profit by selling off the assets and watering stocks. The grants were justified by financiers by saying that the railroads provided for settlement of the west and attracted immigrants, giving the land more credit, which was the government’s main purpose to begin with. However, as more competition entered the industry, the railroad system began to fail, and, in the 1870’s the Federal government recognized this problem and terminated their policy of grants to railroads. This policy prohibited the issuing of subsidies to associations or corporations engaged in public or private enterprises. (Doc F) By issuing this resolution, Congress eliminated itself from the railroad industry, promoting the concept of Laissez-Faire. So while congress was a large part of industry before 1870, violating Laissez-Faire, they eliminated themselves from it, and promoted Laissez-Faire from that point on. This shows that congress violated Laissez to a moderate extent, because they violated it before 1870 but not after. Later, government violated Laissez-Faire in another way, by regulating interstate commerce. Before 1886, many states had Granges, social and educational organizations for farmers and their families who aimed to defend its members against the middlemen, trusts, and railroads. Grangers in many states successfully lobbied their state legislatures to pass laws regulating railroad rates. In the case of Munn v Illinois in 1877, the Supreme Court upheld the right of a state to regulate businesses of a public nature, like railroads. But these laws, called Granger laws, could only regulate local and short-haul rates within their states. In the case of Wabash v. Illinois in 1886, the Supreme Court ruled that states could not regulate interstate commerce: that was left up to the federal government. Because many railroad companied raised their long-haul rates after the granger laws were adopted, the federal government needed to respond to the outcry of farmers and shippers. It recognized that the railroad industry’s benefits had been attained to, in effect, â€Å"†¦ build up the strong at the expense of the weak†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Doc J. ) The federal government worked to fix this problem by passing the Interstate Commerce Act in 1886. This Act required railroad rates to be â€Å"reasonable and just,† and set up the first federal regulatory agency, the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC. ) This law affected the railroad industry greatly, and the results were astounding. In effect, it increased railroad earnings, and put an end to rebates and drawbacks. (Doc L. ) This act was huge in government intervention in industry. By issuing this act, the federal government aimed to help the cries of the farmers and shippers, and in effect violated laissez faire by involving itself directly in the railroad industry from state to state, and also nullified previous laws regulating the railroad industry passed in individual states. This shows that the government did violate industry to a great extent when it came to regulating Interstate Commerce. As a select few became very wealthy by forming trusts in their particular industries, the government violated Laissez-Faire by trying to control trust activities. In the 1880s, many middle class citizens feared the power that trusts gave industrialists, and urban elites resented the increasing influence of the new rich men in America. Because so many businessmen were developing trusts and were the only ones benefiting from business, John Sherman, a Senator from Ohio, was inspired to pass the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890 by reformers who failed to curb trusts on the state level. The Act prohibited any â€Å"contract, combination, in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce. Sherman believed the act would provide every man with his â€Å"†¦right to work, labor, and produce†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and to transport his production on equal terms. (Doc N. ) The Act, however, hardly did that. It was purposely written vaguely in order to promote loose interpretation. This was partly because those holding the trusts were bribing state legislatures. Since the state legislatures appointed senators, and senators were all represented equally in each state, monopolists would bribe the state legislatures in order to get the candidate they wanted in the senate, who in turn would affect the passage of anti-trust laws. There were very few federal prosecutions issued under the act between its passing in 1890 and 1901, a total of 17 in 11 years. (Doc Q. ) In one particular case of United States v E. C. Knight Co in 1895, the Supreme Court ruled that the Sherman Antitrust Act could be applied only to commerce, not to manufacturing. (Doc P. ) Because of this case, the US Department of Justice secured few convictions until the law was changed during the Progressive Era. So while the federal government attempted to regulate the industry and prevent trusts, it barely did so. Because of the weak wording of the act, trusts failed to stop developing. The federal government involved itself in the industry because of the complaints and fears of the powers that those who held trusts had, and though it involved itself in the industry by issuing a law and enforcing it slightly, the supreme court rulings and loose interpretation of the law allowed little alterations to the industry, showing that the federal government only violated laissez-faire to a limited extent. As it can be assumed, the businessmen of industrial era promoted laissez-faire only when it benefited their business. They manipulated people in order to gain what they wanted-a monopoly. As economic problems began to surface with the laissez-faire system, government began to intervene. Though they were involved to a great extent in the railroad system initially, they eliminated themselves from it after 1870, only violating the laissez-faire system to a moderate extent overall. When it came to interstate commerce, the government violated laissez-faire to a great extent by issuing the interstate Commerce Act. And with this issue of trust activities, the government only intervened to a limited extent by passing the Sherman Antitrust Act and then failing to execute it. All of these things show that government violated laissez-faire to a moderate extent, and this was because the laissez-faire system did not benefit society as a whole and government needed to fix economic and social problems.

The General Average Act from the York Antwerp Rules - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1373 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example? GENERAL AVERAGE General Average Act from the York Antwerp Rules is defined as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Any extraordinary sacrifice or expenditure intentionally and reasonable in time of peril for the purpose of preserving the property imperilled in common maritime adventureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Terms to be considered Extraordinary Sacrifice or Expenditure Intentional Reasonable Peril Common maritime adventure EXTRAORDINARY This can be seen as something very unusual or remarkable, something that normally doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t happen. Now a loss must be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"extraordinaryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ before it can be considered under general average. This is declared in York Antwerp Rules rule A and in the Marine Insurance Act section 66(2). This been said, losses made from ordinary voyage incidents cannot therefore bring about general average. It isnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t always easy to draw a line between extraordinary and ordinary, it all depends on the facts of the case. Example of cases: SociÃÆ' ©tÃÆ' © Nouvelle dà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Armement v. Spillers Baker In 9171, the French barque Ernest Legouve was towed from Ireland to England across the Irish Sea during the First World War in order to reduce the danger of enemy submarines. The extra cost on towage wasnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t allowed as general average after taking the case to court because the risk of attack from the U-boats isnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t something extraordinary for a time of war. Robinson v. Price A ship had a leak and would sink without constant pumping out of the water. The ship used up all the fuel (coal) supplies she had because of this situation. On a usual voyage, this wouldnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have been the case. So the shipà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s spars and cargo had to be used as fuel in order to complete this voyage. This incident wasnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t a usual on the voyage therefore the cost of the spars and cargo used was allowed in general average. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The General Average Act from the York Antwerp Rules" essay for you Create order SACRIFICE OR EXPENDITURE Sacrifice can be defined as the act of letting something valued go for the sake of something considered as more important or worthy. Also, expenditure can simple be seen as money spent. Sacrifice in the context of general average revolves around cargo being jettisoned or used (most times used as fuel) in the voyage and expenditures on services or supplies. For this to be allowed as general average, this must happen in time of real danger (peril) or imminent risk of danger. Example of cases: The case Robinson v. Price previously discussed were the cargo was used as fuel in time of peril to keep water out of the ship to avoid sinking will definitely allow general average claims. Watson v. Firemanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Fund Sophie Frankel in 1922, had a cracked steam pipe. Steam escaped from the fracture overheating the cargo (rosin) which gave off a vapour. The master confused the vapour for smoke and concluded that the hold was on fire. Steam was now put into the hold da maging the cargo and the cargo was damaged. General average wasnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t allowed on the sacrifice because there wasnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t any real danger. INTENTIONAL Something intentional can be seen as something deliberate, consciously done on purpose or something done voluntarily. The sacrifice or expenditure made must be voluntarily, and not a situation one couldnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t control. Taking an illustration of a fire incident on board. Any damage caused from the water used to extinguish the fire will be allowed under general arrange because the act of using the water was voluntary. The damage caused from the fire will be considered as partial average as the fire was an accident. But any damage caused from the smoke will not be allowed as general average since the smoke cannot be extinguished. Any voluntary act must be that of the master or authorised by him. Losses that come from an act forced on the master wonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t be allowed as general average Example of cases: Athel Line v. London and Liverpool Insurance In 1944 during the war, the Athelbeach and the Athelqueen were to take molasses from West Indies to the United Kingdom. Because of the fear of attack, they joined other vessels to form a convoy. The convoy commodore received a signal from the Admiralty that another convoy had been attached earlier, so he ordered the convoy back to Bermuda. Athel line vessels later made the voyage without the convoy. The cost incurred from the delay and deviation werenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t allowed as general average because from the defence regulations, the Admiralty and commodore has authority over the masters of the vessels and even the ship owners. Their acts werenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t voluntary but forced. It was a legal duty to obey the commodore. REASONABLE Something reasonable can also be seen as something sensible, having sound judgement or logical. Sacrifice or expenditure must also be reasonably made to be covered under general average. And unreasonably expensive way of solving a problem will certainly not be allowed as general average. If the masterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s act is done in the interest of all on the voyage, first considering life (crew and passengers), and then the vessel and cargo, then losses incurred will be allowed as general average even if the act is hazardous From The Seapool a ship at anchor was suddenly attacked by a gale and was faced with the risk of breaking her back and losing her propellers. The master engage in a very risky manoeuvre which was actually designed to get the ship out to sea and not exactly for a situation like this. All to avoid the gale. Though master was successful, the ship and pier were damaged. The decision the master made was reasonable enough and the losses made was allowed as gene ral average. PERIL Peril can be seen as serious danger, or an immediate risk or hazard. Every intentional and reasonable sacrifice must only be made in time of real danger for losses to be allowed as general average. If the master is wrong about a peril and takes an action, any losses generated from this act will not be considered under general average. Example of cases: Looking at a previously discussed case of Watson v. Firemanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Fund in 1922, ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s clear that the reason why the losses made from the damaged cargo were not allowed as general average was because the danger which prompted the master to act didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t exist. No real danger. The danger doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t really have to be immediate but it has to be real enough and also the possibility of it happening, very high. Like in this next case Vlassopoulos v. British and Foreign MI Co The vessel involved was taken to port to fix a fouled propeller. If that propeller wasnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t brought in for repair, it would have caused a problem or failed during a voyage. And the possibility of that happening was very high. A potential danger was avoided so therefore, the resulting expenses for the repair is allowable as general average. COMMON MARITIME ADVENTURE Any expenditure or sacrifice must be made for the safety of a common maritime adventure before it can amount to general average. Looking at the common maritime adventure, two conditions are considered. Firstly, sacrifices or expenditures made after an interest has been brought to safety cannot be allowed as general average. Case: Royal Mail Steam Packet v. English Bank of Rio de Janeiro A ship ran aground and a valuable but light weighted cargo of specie was removed into a lighter all for the purpose of preserving the cargo. Taking it that the cargo of specie got damaged. It was concluded that that specific cargo couldnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t come under general average because it didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t contribute in any way to the refloating of the ship. Secondly, the ultimate success of the adventure is very important when considering general average. Case: Chellew v. Royal Commission for Sugar Supply A ship incurred port refuge expenses. And both the ship and ca rgo were lost, never making it to the discharge port. In this situation where no form of success was made, no claim in general average can be made in respect to those expenses made. REFERENCE Simon Baughen (2012) Shipping Law, 5th edition, Oxon: Routledge. Robert Grime (1991) Shipping Law, 2nd edition, London: Sweet Maxwell Limited https://www.google.co.uk/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instantion=1espv=2ie=UTF-8#q=sacrifice+meaning [12 Aug 2014].

Great American Mansions and Grand Manor Homes Photos

High Suicide Rates And Its Effects On The Youth - 3323 Words

Introduction This paper will survey the reasons for the unusually high suicide rates found specifically in South Korea. There are many different factors that contribute to suicide such as depression, certain cultural values, the educational system and more. It will begin with the rates of suicide found in the country versus the average suicide rate in other countries. We will further go in depth to discover how various reasons for depression and cultural values have impacted the youth. It will also describe the rigor and intensity of the educational system in present day Korea and its effects on the youth. It will also continue onto exploring the culture and how that correlates back to the high suicide rates by exploring further into the†¦show more content†¦The importance of success which relates back to Korea’s culture, as well as how this immense pressure can lead to depression and further lead to thoughts of suicide. The methodology of this research will employ a review of primary as wells as secondary sources about the culture of Korea, depression, family relations as well as the educational system alongside the presentation of presently rising suicide rates. There will also be interviews conducted from students currently studying in South Korea and their opinions in regard to the culture that they are enveloped in. Causes and Contributing Factors to Suicide Adolescence is a crucial developmental period for the younger generation. It is a delicate time frame characterized as a season permeated with intense mood swings; focus on self, and a time of increased stress. This characterization and generalized image has led to the ignorance of the severity of the matter. There are two conclusions as a result from this. The first being that the hardships faced during the period of adolescence is not held in importance and secondly, the problems faced are not properly

Obesity in China Free Essays

string(102) " work towards promoting healthy diets and lifestyles while also providing incentives to food growers\." Obesity in China? From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search A McDonald’s Chinese New Year meal. American fast-food outlets have been blamed for the increase in obesity in China. [1] Obesity in China is a major health concern according to the WHO, with overall rates of obesity below 5% in the country, but greater than 20% in some cities. We will write a custom essay sample on Obesity in China or any similar topic only for you Order Now [2] This is a dramatic change from times when China experienced famine as a result from ineffective agriculturalization plans such as the Great Leap Forward. 3] Currently, obesity in China is mostly confined to the cities where fast food culture and globalization have taken over, in comparison to poorer rural areas. Despite this concentration of obesity, the sheer size of China’s population means that over one fifth of all one billion obese people in the world come from China. [4] Contents   [hide]   * 1 Issues * 2 Response and prospects * 3 Action and Policy * 4 See also * 5 References * 6 Further reading * 7 External links| [edit] Issues Statistics from the Chinese Health Ministry have revealed that urban Chinese boys age 6 are 2. 5  inches taller and 6. 6 pounds heavier on average than Chinese city boys 30 years ago. A leading child-health researcher, Ji Chengye, has stated that, â€Å"China has entered the era of obesity. The speed of growth is shocking. â€Å"[1] Economic expansion and the increase in living standards as a result has seen food intake increase on average in the cities and the growth of automation and transport has seen less physical labor. Rapid motorization has drastically reduced levels of cycling and walking in China. A 2002 report has revealed a direct correspondence between ownership of motorized transport by households in China and increasing obesity related problems in children and adults. [5] The introduction of processed foods through globalisation in China and the problem of obesity is a recent phenomenon, as only 45 years ago the country faced starvation during the leadership of Mao Zedong. [1] However while malnutrition has been mostly ended in cities today, millions of rural poor, especially in rural estern China are still a far cry from the problem facing the cities. [1] The problem is affecting the young generations although some sources indicate the problem is worse with those between 35 and 59 where more than half are now overweight in cities, a figure similar to that in industrialised countries. [6] However, they state that the younger generations are increasingly at risk. Today, 8% of 10- to 12-year- olds in China’s cities are considered obese and an additional 15% are overweight, according to Chinese Ministry of Education. 1] Similarly, A 2006 study conducted by University of Southern California found that the average body fat of Hong Kong Children was 21 percent, an alarmingly high number. [7] [edit] Response and prospects A KFC outlet in Hohhot, China According to Wang Longde, the Chinese vice health minister, the problem is that the population does not have enough awareness and lacks knowledge of nutrition and what constitutes a reasonable diet. [8] The government is attempting to reduce the problem with building more playgrounds and passing a law with requires students to exercise or play sports for an hour a day at school. 1] Chen Chunming, an expert at the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention has warned against the rapid growth of American fast-food outlets in China saying, â€Å"Don’t take children to eat fast food like McDonald’s and K FC. â€Å"[1] De-emphasis on sports also plays an important part in the rise of obesity in China. Many Chinese people look at the way they advance in life is getting a better education so they can get a better job. The heavy emphasis on schoolwork and the pressure to do so much into that direction keeps children away from play and from physical activity. 7] Fat farms, where children try to sweat off their excess weight have grown since the 1990s. In 2000, 100 million people were reported to suffer from high blood pressure and 26 million with diabetes. These figures were expected to double within a decade, with doctors warning that obesity could become China’s biggest health threat for future generations. [6][9] [edit] Action and Policy Due to the current cultural views on obesity there is a significant need for anti-obesity education. Obesity is often associated with prosperity, thus there is a need for a widespread attitude shift to decrease the current rising rates. Perhaps resulting from the famines of generations past, food, specifically high-fat foods, are now seen as a luxurious item. With growing incomes in Chinese society, families are not able to afford these unhealthy but highly desired foods resulting in increasing rates of consumption of high-fat diets. [10] As a major contributor to the spread of obesity, these high-fat diets are creating a major public health problem across the country. There are currently a few initiatives in place that could help combat this problem, but because of its magnitude, it is likely that more improvements are needed. The Chinese Nutrition Society[1] is providing nutrition education by creating dietary guidelines to help consumers make more healthy lifestyle choices. These guidelines become useful in assisting the population in adopting healthy eating habits which can be an important preventative measure against obesity. Additionally, the Chinese government is currently mandating programs in schools to deal with the growing problem of obesity in the younger generations. Eat Smart at School† is a campaign that was launched during the 2006-2007 school year, which aims to cultivate healthy eating practices to promote lifestyle changes in the educational setting. This program is also an important key in teaching healthy lifestyle strategies that can promote long-term changes in these children’s lives. [2] Localizing community bas ed interventions could help address the large, diverse population in China. China is currently trying to utilize community based interventions through The National Plan of Action for Nutrition in China[3]. This demonstrates an extensive framework organizing food-based policies relating to the country’s nutrition and health issues. Some of the policies work towards promoting healthy diets and lifestyles while also providing incentives to food growers. You read "Obesity in China" in category "Essay examples" Implementing nationwide social programs on public nutrition through mass media, public campaigns and community based promotions are potentially effective mediums towards combating obesity in China. China’s centralized government has a unique ability to make rapid policy changes where they can enforce public nutrition policy and regulate food supply. The rapid growing market of fast food chains is a huge contributor to the increase in obesity rates in China. Potentially, a price policy could be a strategic model for raising the price on â€Å"unhealthy† foods in an attempt to shift food consumption patterns to accomplish health objectives and reduce the consumption of high fat foods. Through price policy, China can focus on controlling the external influence of international products on traditional Chinese dietary patterns and help manage the obesity trends and patterns due to the increase of Westernized foods and fast food chains Obesity in China: Waistlines are Expanding Twice as Fast as GDP : China is experiencing a record high obesity rate, which means millions are becoming obese each year. , â€Å" † by Sky Patterson Date Published: 04/08/2011 Photo by ernop. Used under Creative Commons. In the U. S, we’re used to hearing about our massive weight crisis – with more than 74 percent of adults age 15 and older classified as overweight, the American culture and media landscape have become fixated on finding new diets, procedures, and lifestyle changes to address the dilemma. But what is rapidly becoming apparent is that we are not the only country coping with our expanding waistlines. In China, the prevalence of being overweight is actually dramatically outpacing the growth of its GDP. According to the World Bank, China’s US $4. 99 trillion GDP in 2009 was a remarkable 181 percent increase from its 2005 GDP (US $2. 75 trillion). The number of obese people in China is growing even faster. There are nearly 100 million obese people in China today, more than five times the number in 2005, when 18 million were obese. The definition of being overweight is having a body mass index of 25 or greater. According to the World Health Organization’s Global Info Database, for those ages 15 and older, 45 percent of males in China and 32 percent of females were overweight, or an average of 38. 5 percent of the 2010 population. This is a sharp increase from the 2002 statistic of 25 percent. With an overweight percentage of 38 percent and rising, mainland China is home to a staggering 380 million-plus people with weight problems. And studies show that the problem is becoming increasingly prevalent among youth, and may largely define urban China’s near-term future. Robert Girandola, a professor of kinesiology at the University of Southern California, conducted a 2006 study, titled â€Å"Prevalence of Obesity and Body Composition in Hong Kong Children,† researching the body fat percentage of 3,000 nine-year-olds. He found that the average body fat of these children was 21 percent, an alarmingly high number. â€Å"These are pre-pubertal [children], and pre-pubertal you should not see numbers like that,† says Girandola. He also added that the problem will only grow worse as these children start to develop symptoms of the chronic diseases associated with obesity, including diabetes and high blood pressure. In addition to diabetes and high blood pressure, other serious health implications related to obesity include a higher risk of cancer, heart disease and diabetes. The latter disease is rapidly becoming more prominent in China. A March 2010 New England Journal of Medicine study estimated that 9. 7 percent of the country’s population has diabetes, a figure that is close to that of the U. S. at 11 percent; another American Diabetes Association study found similar rates in both countries. Also notable is that of these diabetes cases in China, 60. 7 percent went undiagnosed. The majority of these cases are Type II late onset diabetes, which is directly correlated with being overweight; obesity has been found to contribute to approximately 55 percent of Type II diabetes cases. Source: American Diabetes Association, The Associated Press Paul French, co-author of the recent book Fat China, which chronicles the growing problem of obesity in China, claims that the actual diabetes rate may be as high as 16 percent, with 150 million additional people categorized as pre-diabetic, putting them at a high risk for developing Type II diabetes. There are people in China who say with acupuncture and traditional medicine you can cure diabetes, but there is no proof of that either,† says French. â€Å"Diabetes is something that once you’ve got it, you’ve got it and you have to manage it the rest of your life. † According to a 1992 China National Nutrition Survey, the percentage of men and women classified as overweight, or with a BMI greater t han 24, was 17. 4 percent. The government agenda at that time was to gauge the prevalence of underweight individuals, but what they found at the other end of the spectrum ended up being a surprising trend that has continued ever since. The same survey conducted 10 years later in 2002 showed that 29 percent of individuals were overweight, a 66. 7 percent increase. | | What is causing the Chinese population to grow overweight at such an alarming rate? Contrary to the U. S. where obesity is concentrated more heavily among poorer people, China’s obesity problem is largely defined by what French terms a â€Å"wealth-deficit† problem. Specifically, the richer you get, the fatter you are. In rural China, the prevalence of being overweight and having diabetes is naturally lower. However, in the cities, a larger number of people own cars and televisions. Not only are these luxuries symbols of wealth, but they also greatly decrease physical activity, resulting in higher rates of obesity and diabetes in urban areas. Athena Foong, an epidemiology researcher at the University of Southern California’s Institute for Global Health explains, â€Å"It’s a very communal thing in Asia, if you see someone having that, you want to have that too; so if they’re telling you that, we just enjoyed a super duper meal at McDonald’s and that becomes a fanciful thing to do, you want to do it too. † But what about physical activity and sports in China? Peaking during the 2008 Beijing Olympics, China has been making large strides on the international sports front. However, among the general population, this is not necessarily the case. As French says, â€Å"With the Olympics in China, rather than encouraging more people to take part in sport, it basically sent out the message that sport was an elite activity, and if you play sports, you better win gold medals; the idea of just a bunch of kids running around playing games was considered a waste of time. † Foong also adds that this de-emphasis on sports and physical activity starts from childhood, and carries on to later life. The only way people look at the way you advance in life is getting a better education so you can get a better job, and sports is not considered a job. † Parents may dote on their only children, but they also hold them to high academic standards in order to achieve a better life. â€Å"It’s not that they want to force their kids into going to school, and then doing these extra school classes, and on the weekends having a tutor,† explains Foong. â€Å"It’s just the pressure to do so much into that direction and away from play, from physical activity, from all that. This emphasis on schoolwork at the expense of play and organized sports parallels the rise in obesity in China. Foong adds that it is not merely as simple as telling parents, â€Å"You guys can just stop worrying too much about getting good grades because that’s the path that everyone’s already on; that train has already left the station. † Two or three generations ago, China suffered a nutrition challenge. Many people suffered malnutrition, went hungry and were underweight. Fast-forward to the present and conditions are swiftly becoming the opposite. In China’s larger cities, where roads were once exclusively filled with bikes, cars pack the streets 24 hours a day. And in addition to having more cars, city streets are also now lined with fast food restaurants, the ubiquity of which is one cause of obesity in China. It is easy to find a local McDonald’s, Pizza Hut or Starbucks ready to serve up fast food to the masses. In fact, Yum Brands, the parent company of fast food leaders such as McDonald’s, Pizza Hut and KFC, opened more than 500 restaurants in China in 2009, and expects to one day have more than 20,000 restaurants there. Source: National statistical offices, Euromonitor International Alongside China’s meteoric economic rise and fast food market growth in the last two decades, the lifestyle of the Chinese people has changed dramatically. For example, aside from a greater array of food options, the Chinese are indulging their children because state policy has shrunk family sizes while economic progress has given urban families higher disposable incomes. Families and their children have become less active. These various changes have led to an equally fast climb in modern health problems. Obesity is a plague facing the developed world that leads to other complications such as diabetes and hypertension, which place an enormous pressure on the healthcare system. And in China, much like the rest of the world, the problem is only growing. What are ordinary Chinese doing to solve the problem of growing waistlines? Put simply, not much. Or at least not much that seems to be working. Says French, â€Å"The three things that people are doing at the moment, none of these things are particularly sensible. Those three main things are unreasonable fat camps, which provide limited results for children using contrived and sometimes dangerous methods, unregulated and ineffective slimming pills that eliminate mainly body water, and cosmetic surgery – which treats the symptoms but not the problem. Solving the problem is not merely a matter of execution and practicality, but also a cultural and social one as well. One change that must take place is that people need to find ways to eat more healthily, especially since it is difficult to exercise enough to work off certain foods. However, this is a lot easier said than done when the Chinese affinity for Western fast food brands is increasing, and on the flip side, Western companies are increasingly eager to tap into the Chinese market. Taking on a more active lifestyle is another important measure to help mitigate the problem. â€Å"The solution is very simple,† says Girandola. â€Å"People have to be more active. Is that going to happen? I doubt it. People are not going to go back to bicycles again, not when they basically have a car. † So what can one expect from China in the near future? There are many possible solutions, but when the public cares more about eating tasty and convenient food, climbing the socioeconomic ladder and relishing newfound wealth, nothing will come easily. Fast food is also not going to disappear. One example of this is a new trend that has emerged in Hong Kong, dubbed â€Å"McWeddings,† wherein local McDonald’s restaurants provide wedding reception services to young couples. Over the long term, in is also necessary to make school curriculum changes in schools to promote healthy habits. The key largely lies in children, who may be more able to pick up and maintain healthy habits than adults. Once you get overweight, it’s very hard to suddenly turn it around,† explains Girandola. â€Å"That’s why you got to solve it beforehand; people have to be proactive rather than reactive. †Ã‚   As China rapidly modernizes, it will inevitably encounter the problems that first-world countries face. Unfortunately, the arduous path to relieving China’s overweight problem and ensuing health issues will not be nearly as smooth as the road that got it there. Sky Patterson is a senior at the University of Southern California majoring in East Asian Languages and C How to cite Obesity in China, Essay examples

Police Discretion free essay sample

Police discretion is a very important approach in matters concerning criminal justice. There has been a consistent problem between enforcing the law and the spirit of the law. Discretion in the broader sense can be defined as the individual’s ability to make a decision basing on the principle of courses of the action. During training, police officers are given different possible scenarios that they may experience while on duty. However, the situations presented are not exact and the police come face to face with more riveting situations that demand their personal choices. The laws don’t cover all perspectives and there are always new laws being put in place allowing for the police officers to use discretion in the mean time. There are also situations in which the law is unclear and the police officer will disregard the different interpretations of the law and utilize his or her discretion in arriving at a decision (Rivera, 2006). We will write a custom essay sample on Police Discretion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Police discretion is usually put to use when the officers are presented with many options to come up with one choice they think are necessary depending on the situation at hand. Discretion is the void in the middle of a ring consisting of policies and procedures. However, police are not always supposed to utilize discretion. In some occasions, the law and departmental policies do limit or eliminate the discretion altogether. Discretion is usually constrained by certain norms including professional, legal, social, and moral norms (Scott, 2009). The police discretion considers many factors which can be compiled into three broad categories. These are the offenders’ variables which include those aspects that are directly connected to the offender including age, race, economic status, gender, and health. Golphin 3 The police will empathize and offer pep talk to some law breakers depending on these variables. The situation variables also come into play when the police utilize discretion. These variables include the seriousness of the crime, the type of property involved in the crime, who initiated the investigations, and many others. The police also become more governmental in the presence of the witnesses, an audience, or the media. Lastly, the systems variables include aspects in the society’s systems that come into play when the police utilize discretion. Police will depict leniency when the courts and the correctional facilities become congested, and they will be tough when the city requires revenue. Communities with suitable social service resources will allow the police to use more of non-arrest options compared to those without such resources. Again, the manner in which the police perceive the distress call will determine how they will respond on arrival at the scene (l1ndsaystarr, 2006). One of the advantages of police discretion is the fact that it allows the officer to humanely treat people, giving them a second chance, and improving on the community’s perception of the police. If the police were to follow the laws strictly by the book, they will be perceived to be unfair by the society and possibly rejected (Rivera, 2006). The other benefit of police discretion is that it promotes realistic goals. In this aspect, discretion takes into consideration the fact that the police are presented with unique situations on the ground that requires personal decisions depending on the situation. Discretion is also necessary for productivity in the criminal justice system. If the police were to follow the law to the T, then the criminal justice system would be exhausted with the number of cases presented to them. In addition, discretion can also promote autonomy in the sense that the police and the community as Golphin 4 a whole are not enslaved by the written regulations. They are under particular circumstances allowed to route the way for the law. Lastly, the discretion promotes job satisfaction for the police in that they are allowed to utilize some powers which are provided for within the law. The disadvantages of police discretion mostly lie in the abuse of the  privileges they have in regard to exercising the discretion power. Discretion has been seen as inviting partiality in dealing with the citizens as well as creating an opportunity for corruption. Others have debated that during discretion, the police don’t have the slightest idea about what could be the consequences of their actions (Peak, 2009). Police discretion is a potential tool for abuse that could possibly result into potential needless death and/or injury. A police officers choice may be influenced by personal factors that may determine an irrational decision. For example; In the 2005 shooting, that occurred on 126th Street between Fifth and Lenox Avenues, the suspect, Richard Gooding, ignored officers’ orders to drop his gun and began shooting. Five officers returned fire, fatally injuring Mr. Gooding and wounding Ms. Johnson in the right elbow. Garnold M. King was shot in the lower back; he has settled his lawsuit with the city. Two officers said they did not look to see if there were bystanders on the street while they were shooting; one of those officers said he did not look to see if there were bystanders until after the shooting was over, Ms.Johnson’s lawyer, Barry A. Gutterman, told the judges — echoing those officers’ pretrial depositions. At one point in the hearing, Chief Judge Jonathan Lippman questioned Susan Paulson, a senior counsel in the city’s Law Department’s appeals division. Golphin 5 â€Å"How do you know that they’re exercising their discretion correctly if they don’t look and have any idea that there are innocent bystanders? † Judge Lippman asked. He added: â€Å"They didn’t look; that’s what’s troubling me. How do we know they exercised the discretion appropriately without sorting out some of these facts? † (nytimes. com). There are possible variations in how the cops might think of a given crime. An officer’s personal attributes and cultural background may influence how they view certain crimes. Racist officers might abuse the discretion aspect and make arrests on the basis of ethnic background. The location of the crime also contributes to the police decision with crimes committed in what has been classified as hot spots likely to result in arrests. Arrests are most likely to happen in a more urban society or a racially mixed society since there is a high chance of crime based on the racial, economic differences, and social disorder (Petheram, 2009). The police officers do use their personal judgments in discretion and as we have seen, personal judgments can be affected by many contributing factors including mental health and educational level. With the police having the ability to momentarily decide on the future of an individual, there is need to test and approve their intellect. The police have a high level of authority and therefore require skills to enhance and justify their authority. The qualifications to become a police officer have been changing over the years even though they vary depending on the district and type of government. It has been established that there are changes in the amount of force and discretion used by officers depending on their levels of education. A police officer is required to make speedy and ethical decisions and with low level of education, this could be a problem